Glossary articles
Voting Rights Act definition
The Voting Rights Act (VRA) is a federal law, signed on August 6, 1965, that bans racial discrimination in registration and voting. Congress passed it to enforce the 15th Amendment, which bars denying the right to vote because of race, color, or having been enslaved.The Department of Justice enforces the law.
Divided government definition
Divided government means party control is split between the president and Congress. One party holds the presidency, while the other holds the majority in at least one chamber. Congress has two chambers, the US House and the US Senate. Voters elect the president and members of Congress separately, so the presidency and the two chambers can end up under the control of different parties.
Citizens United v. FEC definition
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (FEC) is a 2010 Supreme Court case that struck down federal limits on independent expenditures by corporations and labor unions. An independent expenditure is money spent on ads or other messages that support or oppose a candidate, without coordination with that candidate's campaign.A nonprofit, Citizens United, made a film about Hillary Clinton in 2008 while she was running for president. It wanted to put the film on cable on-demand right before the primaries.Federal law barred corporations from paying for campaign ads that close to an election. Citizens United said the movie was journalism, not a campaign ad. The FEC said it was a campaign ad. Citizens United sued rather than risk civil and criminal penalties.The Supreme Court could have answered the narrow question: does this one movie violate campaign finance law? It didn't. Instead, it threw out the whole rule, saying political spending is speech and the government cannot stop a corporation or a union from spending its own money to support or oppose a candidate.
Campaign contributions definition
A campaign contribution is anything of value given, loaned, or advanced to influence a federal election. The Federal Election Commission (FEC) regulates contributions to candidates for president, the US Senate, and the US House. Contributions include money, loans, and in-kind goods or services given free or below market value.A campaign may not take money from a corporation, labor organization, or national bank's own funds, though those groups may set up a separate political action committee (PAC) that can make contributions. Campaigns also may not take money from federal government contractors or foreign nationals, and no one may give using another person's name.Campaigns raise and spend contributions through a committee, which reports to the FEC. Committees must list the name, address, occupation, and employer of anyone who gives more than $200 during an election cycle. The FEC posts those reports on its website within 48 hours of receiving them.
Super PAC definition
A super PAC is a type of political action committee (PAC) that can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money to support or oppose federal candidates, but can’t give money directly to their campaigns. The Federal Election Commission (FEC), the agency that enforces federal campaign finance law, calls these groups “independent expenditure-only political committees.”Super PACs began in 2010. That year, a federal appeals court ruled in SpeechNow.org v. FEC that limits on contributions to groups making only “independent expenditures” were unconstitutional.
Precinct definition
A precinct is an election area that determines which contests and issues a voter is eligible to vote on. Local election officials set precinct boundaries and assign each precinct to a polling place where its voters cast ballots in person. Two or more precincts can share one polling place.Officials count and report votes for president, US senator, and US representative precinct by precinct. States reported having 95,815 polling places for the 2024 general election in the Election Assistance Commission’s post-election survey.
Political party definition
A political party is a group of people who share political goals and work together to win elections. A party chooses candidates, and its name appears next to theirs on the ballot. In federal elections, parties compete for the offices of president, US senator, and US representative.For most of US history, there have been two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Each party has a “platform”: the positions it takes on a set of issues.While these two parties have dominated the national political scene, minor parties have also fielded candidates and won offices.
Dark money definition
Dark money is an informal term for money spent on political advertising by groups that do not publicly identify their donors. These groups report certain election spending to the Federal Election Commission (FEC), so the public can see what they bought. The public cannot see who supplied the money.Federal campaign finance law does not use the term.
Political action committee definition
A political action committee, or PAC, is a group that raises and spends money to support or oppose candidates for federal office. A PAC must register with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) within 10 days after its contributions or spending exceed $1,000 in a calendar year.The FEC counted 8,816 federal PACs in reports covering January 1, 2025 through March 31, 2026. Those PACs raised $6.3 billion, spent $4.8 billion, and gave $274.5 million to federal candidates.How do political action committees work?Every political action committee is either a separate segregated fund or a nonconnected committee. The difference is who they can ask for money.Separate segregated funds are established and administered by corporations, labor unions, membership organizations, or trade associations. They can solicit contributions only from individuals associated with the sponsoring organization.Nonconnected committees have no sponsoring organization, so they can solicit contributions from the general public.PACs file regular reports with the FEC disclosing what they raise and spend.What are the contribution limits for PACs?A PAC that has qualified as a multicandidate committee can give a federal candidate $5,000 per election. A PAC that has not qualified can give $3,500 per election in the 2025-2026 cycle, and that limit is adjusted for inflation in odd-numbered years.To qualify as a multicandidate committee, a PAC must be registered with the FEC for at least six months, receive contributions from at least 51 people, and contribute to at least five federal candidates.Money going into a PAC is capped too. Individuals, party committees, other PACs, and candidates' own campaign committees can each give a PAC $5,000 per year. That is an annual cap, not a per-election one.Corporations and labor unions cannot contribute to a PAC from their general treasury funds. They can instead establish a separate segregated fund.What is the difference between a PAC and a super PAC?Super PACs are one type of nonconnected committee. The FEC calls them independent expenditure-only political committees, and they can accept unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, labor unions, and other PACs. Unlike other PACs, they cannot give money to candidates.Super PACs pay for independent expenditures instead. An independent expenditure is a communication that urges the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate. It cannot be made in cooperation with that candidate or with a political party.The FEC counted 2,236 super PACs through March 31, 2026.
Discretionary spending definition
Discretionary spending funds federal agency operations and programs, with Congress setting funding levels each year through appropriations.
Referendum definition
A referendum is a vote in which the public approves or rejects a law. Voters may be asked to accept a measure their legislature has passed, or to overturn a law already on the books. These votes take place at the state and local levels.Does the US have national referendums?No. The Constitution gives all federal lawmaking power to Congress, so voters do not decide laws directly. They elect the senators and representatives who write them.Amending the Constitution does not involve a national vote either. Congress proposes an amendment, and three-fourths of the states must ratify it through their legislatures or state conventions for it to take effect. Only one amendment has been ratified by state conventions: the 21st, in 1933.How does a referendum work?In a referendum, voters approve or reject one specific measure on a ballot. A measure reaches the ballot in one of two ways: lawmakers send it to voters, or voters petition to overturn a law the legislature already passed. Each state sets its own rules through its constitution and election laws, so deadlines, signature counts, and vote thresholds differ from state to state.For example, in California, voters approve a statewide ballot measure by majority vote.In Ohio, voters cannot challenge tax levies, spending for routine state expenses, or emergency laws by referendum.And in Maine, a referendum to overturn a law is called a people’s veto.What is a legislative referendum?In a legislative referendum, lawmakers send a measure to the voters rather than deciding it themselves. Washington state calls these referendum bills, proposed laws that the state legislature refers to the voters.Cities hold referendums too. In Ohio, voters can petition for a referendum on a city ordinance, and the ordinance does not take effect unless a majority of voters approve it.What is a popular referendum?A popular referendum starts with voters instead. In Washington, a registered voter can file a referendum measure that puts a recently passed law on the ballot before it takes effect. The petition to put it on the ballot needs signatures equal to 4% of the votes cast for governor in the last regular gubernatorial election. It must be filed within 90 days of the legislature's final adjournment.
Presidential cabinet definition
The presidential cabinet is an advisory body made up of the heads of the 15 executive departments, such as the Department of State and the Department of Homeland Security. The president nominates cabinet members, and the Senate votes on whether to confirm them.Congress creates each executive department by law and assigns it the work it carries out. The Department of Veterans Affairs, for example, runs health care and benefits programs for veterans.
White House staff definition
The White House staff is the group of employees who work directly for the president in the White House Office, a division of the Executive Office of the President. Staff members advise the president, carry out the daily work of the office, and handle communication with Congress, federal agencies, the press, and the public.President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Executive Office of the President in 1939. That September, Executive Order 8248 established the White House Office as one of its divisions.Federal law lets the president appoint White House Office employees without following the rules that cover most other federal hiring. Senate confirmation is required for some advisers in the Executive Office of the President, such as the director of the Office of Management and Budget. Most are appointed at the president’s discretion.
Mandatory spending definition
Mandatory spending, also called direct spending, is federal spending set by the laws that create programs rather than by the yearly appropriations process. For programs that fall under mandatory spending, the law either sets a funding amount or sets the eligibility rules and benefit formulas that decide what the government pays. Mandatory program spending is typically permanent, so Congress does not have to set their spending levels each year.To change what a mandatory program costs or who it benefits, Congress has to change the law behind it.
Filibuster definition
A filibuster is a Senate practice in which one or more senators prolong debate to delay or prevent a vote on a bill, amendment, or nomination. Because debate in the Senate is generally unlimited, senators may continue debate (or signal intent to do so) to block final consideration unless the Senate votes to end debate.The filibuster is not mentioned in the Constitution but developed as a result of the Senate’s rules allowing unlimited debate.
Omnibus bill definition
An omnibus bill is a single piece of legislation that combines multiple, often unrelated measures into one legislative vehicle. Lawmakers commonly use these bills in the appropriations process to consolidate several funding bills into a single package.Sometimes this happens as funding deadlines loom in order to prevent a government shutdown. Omnibus bills condense multiple pieces of legislation into one vote. Due to their length and complexity, these bills may be more difficult to review in full prior to final passage.
Legislative agenda definition
A legislative agenda is the set of policy priorities, proposals, or bills that lawmakers and congressional leaders plan to consider during a legislative session. The legislative agenda determines which issues get attention in hearings, debate, and floor votes, shaping the direction of public policy.Congress receives far more proposals than it can act on, and the agenda determines which measures receive formal legislative consideration. The legislative agenda develops through several stages of the legislative process, including bill introduction, committee consideration, and floor scheduling. Legislative agendas may reflect party priorities, campaign promises, and the major policy goals of elected officials. They may also shift in response to changing political conditions, public opinion, or emerging national issues.
Committee jurisdiction definition
A congressional committee's jurisdiction is the set of subject areas it has authority over. Jurisdiction determines whether a committee has the authority to review a bill, hold hearings on it, and send it to the full House or Senate for consideration.Committees in the House of Representatives and the Senate are granted jurisdiction through the chambers’ rules, which assign committee policy areas and legislative responsibilities. These rules determine which committee considers a bill before it reaches the floor. Committee jurisdiction organizes the legislative process and allows members to develop expertise in specific subjects.
Whip count definition
A whip count is an informal tally congressional leadership conducts to gauge how party members plan to vote on upcoming legislation, amendments, or procedural motions. Whip counts are typically organized by the party whip and their staff, who contact party members to see whether they support or oppose a proposal. Whip counts work as an informal internal survey before an important vote, helping party leaders determine whether they have enough votes to pass a piece of legislation before bringing it to the floor.
Legislative counsel definition
A legislative counsel is a nonpartisan attorney who assists members of Congress and congressional committees by drafting legislation and providing legal guidance on the form and structure of bills, resolutions, and amendments. They translate policy ideas into precise statutory language to ensure that the proposed legislation is clear, internally consistent, and aligned with existing federal law.They’re typically experienced attorneys with expertise in statutory drafting, legislative procedure, and public law and operate on a nonpartisan and confidential basis, assisting members of both parties.
Joint resolution definition
A joint resolution is a particular type of Congressional measure that must pass in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. In most cases, it follows the same legislative process as a bill and then becomes law with the same force as a standard bill.Joint resolutions are typically used for a narrow set of purposes: stopgap government funding, authorizing military force, overturning federal agency rules, and proposing Constitutional amendments. They originate in either chamber; they’re designated H.J.Res. when introduced in the House and S.J.Res. in the Senate.
Runoff election definition
A runoff election, also called a two-round election, is a second, follow-up election held when no one wins a congressional election outright. States usually hold runoffs when no candidate receives a majority (more than 50% of the votes) in the first election. The top two vote-getters from the first election compete in the runoff.The Constitution lets states set the time, place, and manner of their congressional elections, so runoff rules for US Senate and US House races differ by state.
General election definition
A general election is an election in which voters choose who will hold public office; in federal races, general elections pick the president and Congresspeople. Voters pick among candidates from all political parties, along with any independent candidates. It is typically the final step after primaries, in which parties select their nominee. When is the federal general election?Federal law sets one Election Day for all federal offices. It falls on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, so the date always lands between November 2 and November 8.
What are midterm elections?
A midterm election is a congressional election held in the middle of a president's four-year term. Voters elect all 435 members of the US House of Representatives and about one-third of US senators in midterms. Midterm elections happen every four years, in even-numbered years between presidential races — 2022, 2026, etc.When is the next midterm election?The next midterm election is on Tuesday, November 3, 2026. Federal law sets Election Day as the Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years.
Ballot measure definition
A proposition — also called a ballot measure — is a potential new law, constitutional amendment, or policy question placed on a ballot. Voters approve or reject the measure directly, rather than leaving the decision to elected officials. They happen at the state, county, and city levels and are used to address issues like taxes, bond laws, and wages.The name for these ballot measures varies by state; California numbers its statewide measures as propositions while Washington calls them initiatives and referenda. Each state specifies its own naming and rules via state constitutions and election laws. What is the difference between an initiative and a referendum?An initiative lets voters propose a new law or a change to an existing law by petition. In some states, including California, an initiative can also amend the state constitution.A referendum lets voters approve or reject a law the state legislature has already passed. The legislature can also refer its own proposed laws to the voters for a decision.(Both fall under the larger category of “proposition,” which includes any legal/policy question citizens vote on directly.)How does a proposition get on the ballot?Most measures qualify by petition. Supporters gather signatures from registered voters, and election officials check the signatures. If the petition has enough signatures — the required number is usually a share of the votes cast in a past statewide election — then the measure qualifies.In California, a statewide referendum needs 546,651 valid signatures to qualify, equal to 5% of the votes cast for governor in 2022. In Washington, an initiative needs 308,911 valid signatures. That equals 8% of the votes cast for governor in 2024.State legislatures can also vote to place a measure on the ballot without a petition.
Redistricting definition
Redistricting is the process of redrawing the boundaries of an electoral district to reflect changes in its population. The process determines how communities are grouped for political representation, shaping who is elected to Congress, state legislatures, and local governing bodies.Redistricting is a state process, but is governed by federal law. The US Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, requires that each of a state’s congressional districts have nearly equal populations, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits maps that weaken the voting power of racial or language minority groups.A 2026 Supreme Court ruling, Louisiana v. Callais, raised the bar for proving those claims. A map now violates the law only when evidence strongly suggests a state drew its districts to intentionally limit voting opportunity based on race. Some states have begun redrawing their maps in response.Within those boundaries, states have broad authority to set their own redistricting practices, including when new maps are drawn.
Primary election definition
A primary election decides which candidates a political party sends to the general election. Voters usually vote in the primary of the party they’re registered with. Federal primaries are held for the offices of president, US senator, and US representative. For congressional candidates, the primary winner becomes the party's nominee, while presidential nominees are chosen later at each party's national convention.Most primaries are run by state and local election officials. Parties are not required to hold one, and can instead choose to pick nominees with a caucus, a meeting run by the party. How do primary elections work?In a primary election, voters cast a secret ballot for one candidate from a single party. Typically, the candidate with the most votes wins the nomination. Some states require a majority, or more than half the votes; if no candidate reaches it, the top two meet again in a primary runoff election.Presidential primaries work differently. Voters don’t select a candidate directly, but pick delegates who represent their state at the party's national convention. The convention delegates then select the nominee.
Election Assistance Commission (EAC) definition
The Election Assistance Commission (EAC) is an independent, bipartisan federal body that helps state and local officials run federal elections. The agency shares election administration information, sets voluntary voting system guidelines, and distributes federal election funds to states. The EAC also tests and certifies voting systems and accredits laboratories that test them. States can decide whether or not to use the agency's guidelines and certification program.The agency also publishes and updates the national mail voter registration form. Congress required the form in the National Voter Registration Act of 1993. Voters send the completed form to their state or local election office, which processes the registration.Congress created the EAC in the Help America Vote Act of 2002.
Provisional ballot definition
When a person’s eligibility to vote can’t be confirmed at the polling place, that person can cast a provisional ballot. Election officials set these votes aside and count them only after they verify the voters’ eligibility. The Help America Vote Act of 2002 requires every state to offer provisional ballots in federal elections.
Presidential appointees definition
Presidential appointees are high-ranking employees of the federal government who are selected by the president. The president has free rein for some of these appointments; others require Senate confirmation. The Constitution splits responsibility for filling top executive branch positions between the President and the Senate. The appointments clause (Article II, Section 2) says:[The President] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law.What government positions are appointed by the president? Presidents appoint the leaders of government agencies (often the people with titles such as director, secretary, chair, or administrator), oversight commission members (who review and supervise federal agencies to prevent fraud, and ethical lapses, among other things), ambassadors, and federal judges. You can see the full list of presidential appointees here. How are presidential appointees confirmed?The presidential appointment process has three steps:The president selects and vets a candidate, then submits the nomination to the Senate.The Senate reviews and votes on the nomination, usually in a committee.The confirmed nominee is commissioned, sworn in, and assumes the full duties of the office.
Temporary Protected Status (TPS) definition
Temporary Protected Status (TPS) is a temporary immigration status provided to qualifying applicants from certain countries that are experiencing conditions that make it unsafe for them to return home. These conditions may include ongoing armed conflict (such as civil war), environmental disasters (like earthquakes, hurricanes, or epidemics), or extraordinary and temporary conditions that prevent safe return.TPS was created by the Immigration Act of 1990. It allows eligible individuals from designated countries to live and work in the United States temporarily.The Secretary of Homeland Security makes TPS designations in consultation with other federal agencies, including the Department of State, National Security Council, and occasionally the Department of Justice. TPS designations are granted for six, 12, or 18 months at a time, and may be extended if conditions in the country remain unsafe.Individuals must apply through US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to receive TPS. Each applicant must meet eligibility requirements, including continuous physical presence in the US since the designation date and no serious criminal history.
Roll call vote definition
A roll call vote is a vote in which each member of a legislative body votes individually, and their vote is entered into the official record. During a roll call vote, members’ names are either called aloud or electronically recorded by a voting station, and each of their votes is documented:s “yea,” “nay,” or sometimes, “present.”Roll call votes create an official public record of how lawmakers vote on legislation, amendments, nominations, and procedural matters. They promote transparency and accountability by allowing constituents to review their representatives’ voting decisions.When is a roll call vote required?Roll call votes aren’t used for every decision in Congress; lots of routine matters are decided by oral vote or unanimous consent. Chamber rules require roll call votes when members formally request a recorded vote, or for certain types of legislative action as defined in the Constitution or chamber rules, or when leadership and/or chamber agreements specify it.1. When members request a recorded voteThe Constitution gives lawmakers in both chambers the right to force a roll call vote if enough of their colleagues support the request.House of RepresentativesIn the House, a roll call vote is required when at least one-fifth of a quorum present supports it. A quorum in the House is a majority of members present (218 people, if all seats are filled).SenateIn the Senate, a roll call vote is required when one-fifth of senators present request it. Senate proceedings often rely on voice votes or unanimous consent, so allowing roll call votes means that senators can demand a public, recorded vote when desired.2. When the US Constitution requires recorded votesIn certain cases, roll call votes are mandatory because the Constitution requires them. These include:Overriding of a Presidential vetoExpelling a member of Congress3. When chamber rules require recorded votes for specific actionsCertain legislative procedures require roll call votes under congressional rules or long-standing practice. Examples include:Senate cloture votes (the process of formally ending a debate or filibuster) Confirmation of presidential nominations Treaty approval in the Senate4. When Leadership or Chamber Agreements Require Recorded VotesSometimes, leadership or negotiated agreements specify that votes must be recorded. This often occurs with:Major or controversial legislationBudget measuresHigh-profile amendmentsWhat is the procedure for a roll call vote?The procedure for a roll call vote varies slightly between the House and Senate, but follows the same general steps.A Representative or Senator requests a roll call vote under their chamber’s rules.The presiding officer determines whether the request meets the chamber’s requirements. If it does, they order the vote.The presiding officer announces the voting period. In the House, electronic votes typically last at least 15 minutes for the first vote in a series, though later votes may be shorter. Senate votes usually remain open until all senators have had an opportunity to vote.Members cast their votes. In the House, most roll call votes occur electronically. Reps insert voting cards into electronic voting stations and select their vote. In the Senate, the clerk typically calls senators’ names alphabetically, and each senator states their vote orally.The presiding officer announces the final tally, which is entered into the official Congressional Record.
Legislative rider definition
A rider is a legislative provision added to a bill or resolution that is often not directly related to the legislation’s main purpose. Riders are frequently attached to larger or must-pass bills to increase the likelihood that the provision will become law.Riders are commonly used to change policy, funding, or regulatory issues that might not pass if considered as standalone legislation. Because they are included in broader legislation, riders are typically debated and voted on as part of the full bill.What are some examples of a rider?Riders frequently appear in appropriations bills, which fund federal government operations. Lawmakers sometimes add provisions that limit how federal funds may be used or require agencies to take or avoid certain actions.Congress has periodically included riders in appropriations legislation that restrict the use of federal funds for specific activities. These riders become legally binding when the larger appropriations bill is enacted into law, even though the rider may address a different policy issue than government funding.What's the difference between a rider and an omnibus bill?Although riders and omnibus bills are both legislative tools that combine multiple issues into a single measure, they serve different purposes.RiderA rider is a single provision attached to a larger bill. Riders often address a policy issue that is separate from or only loosely related to the main subject of the bill. Riders are frequently used to influence policy by attaching provisions to must-pass legislation, such as funding bills.Omnibus billAn omnibus bill is a single piece of legislation that combines multiple measures or subjects into one large bill. Omnibus bills are often used to package numerous appropriations measures or policy provisions together to streamline the legislative process.Unlike a rider, which is typically an add-on provision, an omnibus bill is intentionally structured from the beginning to include multiple topics or legislative initiatives.
Federal Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) definition
A federal Employee Assistance Program (EAP) provides employees with free, confidential support for dealing with both personal or job-related issues. EAPs are voluntary and are meant to help with a range of concerns: stress, grief, family issues, substance use, mental health. They may also advise managers on employee or organizational challenges and assist with preventing or responding to workplace trauma. Services can include assessments, short-term counseling, referrals, and follow-up care.
Order of business definition
The “order of business” is the structured sequence a legislative body uses to conduct its official work during a session. It establishes the schedule and procedural steps for introducing legislation, debating bills, voting, committee reports, and taking other official actions.The order of business ensures that proceedings are organized, predictable, and compliant with each chamber’s rules and precedents. The exact order is governed by the body's standing rules, precedents, and daily leadership decisions.What is the order of business in the House of Representatives?The US House of Representatives order of business is a structured daily sequence established in House rules, though House leadership frequently modifies it with special rules adopted by the House. What does a standard legislative day in the House typically include? 1. Prayer and pledge of allegianceThe session begins with a prayer from the House Chaplain or a guest, followed by the Pledge of Allegiance.2. Approval of the journalReps approve the official record of the previous day’s proceedings.3. One-minute speechesReps have an opportunity to speak briefly on the topic of their choice.4. Introduction and referral of bills and resolutionsLegislation is formally introduced and sent to committees.5. Committee reportsCommittees report legislation or other matters to the House floor.6. Morning hour debate (optional)Reps may give longer speeches on legislation, policy, or public issues of their choosing7. Legislative businessReps debate and vote on bills, resolutions, amendments, and motions.8. Special ordersReps can speak for extended periods after legislative business ends.9. AdjournmentThe House formally ends the legislative day.What is the order of business in the Senate?Senate rules have more flexibility than the House. It has a traditional order of business described in Senate Rule VII but frequently departs from that order through unanimous consent or leadership negotiation, so its order of business is often customized.What does a typical order of business look like in the Senate? 1. Prayer and pledge of allegianceThe Senate session begins with a prayer from the Senate Chaplain or a guest chaplain, followed by the Pledge of Allegiance.2. Approval of the journalSenators approve the official record of proceedings from the previous legislative day.3. Morning businessSenators may deliver speeches, introduce legislation, submit committee reports, and present communications from the President or executive agencies.4. Legislative calendar businessSenators debate, amend, and vote on bills, resolutions, and other legislative measures. 5. Executive businessSenators consider, debate, and vote on presidential nominations and treaties.6. Adjournment or recessThe Senate formally ends or pauses the legislative day.
Shutdown furlough definition
A shutdown furlough happens when there is a lapse in annual appropriations — funding approved by Congress. Shutdown furloughs can happen at the beginning of a fiscal year if no funds have been appropriated, or after expiration of a continuing resolution (CR), if Congress has not passed a new CR or appropriations law.In a shutdown furlough, the affected agency has to stop any activities funded by annual appropriations that are not excepted by law. Employees paid by other non-lapsed sources of funding may be exempt from a shutdown furlough.
Antideficiency Act definition
The Antideficiency Act prohibits federal agencies from spending federal funds during a funding lapse, and from accepting voluntary services. The Act also prohibits agencies from obligating or spending more than the amount Congress has appropriated.A funding lapse happens when Congress hasn’t passed a regular appropriations bill or a continuing resolution (CR) to provide money for a program or agency. A lapse can happen if a CR expires before new funding is approved.
Congressional recess definition
A congressional recess is a temporary break in the proceedings of the House or Senate during which the chamber is not conducting official legislative business. Unlike adjournment at the end of a congressional session, a recess is a pause within a session, and Congress can return without starting a new session.How long can Congress stay in recess?Under the Constitution, neither the House nor the Senate may recess for more than three days without the consent of the other chamber. If both chambers agree, they can recess for longer periods. The length of a recess can vary widely, from a few days to several weeks, depending on the congressional calendar, holidays, or scheduled district work periods. What are recess appointments?A recess appointment is a temporary appointment made by the President when the Senate is in recess and unavailable to confirm nominees. Recess appointments allow the President to fill vacancies without Senate approval, but they expire at the end of the next Senate session unless the nominee is formally confirmed. Recess appointments are authorized by Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution.
Employment Authorization Document (EAD) definition
An Employment Authorization Document (EAD) is an official card issued by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) that proves a non-US citizen is authorized to work in the United States for a specific period of time. An EAD is also known as Form I-766, or a work permit. EADs are typically issued to individuals in certain immigration categories who are not US citizens or lawful permanent residents but have permission to work in the US.An EAD can be used to apply for a Social Security number, allowing holders to legally accept employment from any US employer.
Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA) definition
The Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA) provides disability, survivor, and medical benefits to federal workers injured or made ill on the job, regardless of fault. It also pays them to families of federal employees who die from work-related causes. The Department of Labor (DOL) manages FECA, while individual agencies cover the benefit costs for its employees.In fiscal year 2022–2023, FECA paid $3.3 billion in benefits, including about $2.4 billion in disability benefits, $761 million in medical benefits, and $148 million to the survivors of federal employees.
Continuation of Pay (COP) definition
Continuation of Pay (COP) is a benefit for employees who experience a traumatic injury while working for the government. COP continues the employee’s regular pay for up to 45 days while they are unable to work, as confirmed by an incident report and doctor’s evaluation.COP is part of the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA), which is the government’s workers’ compensation program. The act provides disability, survivor, and medical benefits to employees injured or made ill on the job, regardless of fault, and to survivors of people who died at work.
Government spending bill definition
A government spending bill is legislation that gives federal agencies the authority to spend money for specific purposes. These bills usually cover one fiscal year and must be passed annually to keep the government running. Government spending bills are officially known as appropriations bills. Who writes the government spending bill?Government spending bills are drafted in Congress, mainly by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees. These committees determine how much money is allocated to each department and program.How does a spending bill become law?At the start of each fiscal year, the president submits a budget proposal to Congress. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees consider, refine, and draft appropriations bills based on the budget, proposing which federal agencies receive funding and how much. There are usually 12 separate annual appropriations bills, but Congress may also roll some or all of them into one, called an omnibus bill. The full House and Senate debate, amend, and vote on their respective versions of the appropriations bills. Then they compare the two bills, reconcile differences, and pass identical versions. Ideally, this happens before October 1 — the first day of the government’s fiscal year.Finally, the spending bill goes to the president for approval or veto. If the president vetoes, Congress can override it with a two-thirds vote in both chambers.
Federal budget definition
The federal budget is the US government’s detailed financial plan for one fiscal year (October 1-September 30). It specifies how much the government will spend, how it will fund that spending, and whether it will run a surplus or a deficit. It’s both a financial plan and a policy statement that reflects national priorities through the allocation of roughly $6 to $7 trillion annually.The federal budget includes mandatory spending (which is required by existing laws like Social Security), discretionary spending (which requires annual congressional approval), and interest on the national debt. It details how the government will collect money (primarily through income taxes) and how it will spend that money. The budget process formally begins with proposals from federal agencies, which are compiled by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and submitted to Congress by the president. Congress then debates, amends, and passes the budget through appropriations bills, which the President must sign into law. Creating and approving the federal budget typically takes over a year.
Ranking member definition
A ranking member is the most senior member of a congressional committee or subcommittee from the minority party (the party with fewer seats in that chamber). The ranking member serves as the lead spokesperson and coordinator for the minority party on the committee and works opposite the committee chair.Ranking members help shape the minority party’s legislative strategy, negotiate with the chair, and represent their party’s positions during hearings, markups, and investigations.What is the difference between a chair and a ranking member?
Immigration parole definition
Immigration parole is a temporary permission granted by the US government to allow a noncitizen to enter the United States without being formally admitted under standard immigration procedures. Parole is used in urgent humanitarian cases or for significant public benefit. Immigration parole is granted on a case-by-case basis by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), typically through the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) or Customs and Border Protection (CBP).Parole does not confer immigration status and does not constitute admission into the US under the Immigration and Nationality Act. TPS vs. immigration paroleThere are different programs and policies that allow people to enter or remain in the US without granting legal admission. One such program is temporary protected status (TPS), and it provides a helpful point of comparison. While both TPS and immigration parole allow a person to be in the US temporarily, they are different in purpose, legal effect, and eligibility.
Reconciliation bill definition
A reconciliation bill is a special type of legislation Congress may use to make changes to spending, revenue, or the federal debt limit. Reconciliation bills are considered under expedited procedures in the Senate, meaning they can pass with a simple majority (51 votes) and cannot be filibustered. Reconciliation is intended to help Congress more easily align federal laws with the annual budget resolution.How do reconciliation bills fit into the budget process?Each year, Congress passes a budget resolution, which sets overall spending and revenue targets but does not change any laws. If achieving those targets requires modifying existing laws, such as adjusting tax rates, altering mandatory spending programs, or changing the debt ceiling, the budget resolution can include reconciliation instructions.These instructions tell specific congressional committees to draft legislation that meets the budgetary goals. The resulting legislation is typically combined into a single reconciliation bill, which moves through Congress using special fast-track procedures. How often can Congress do a reconciliation bill?Congress can typically pass up to three reconciliation bills per budget resolution, one each for:SpendingRevenue (taxes)The debt ceilingHowever, these can also be combined, meaning Congress often ends up passing one major reconciliation bill per fiscal year. The process is tied to the budget resolution, so if no budget resolution is adopted, reconciliation cannot occur.What is the difference between a reconciliation bill and an appropriations bill?A reconciliation bill is used when Congress’s budget resolution instructs committees to change existing laws related to spending, revenues, or the debt limit so that federal laws match the budget plan.By contrast, appropriations bills provide new discretionary funding for federal agencies each year. If appropriations bills require changes to permanent law (which is uncommon), Congress passes authorization or stand-alone legislation, not a reconciliation bill.
Undocumented immigrant definition
An unauthorized immigrant — also sometimes referred to as undocumented immigrant or illegal immigrant — is someone born in another country and is living in the United States (not a tourist) who does not have the permission of the Federal government to do so.Examples include people who:Enter the country without inspection by immigration authorities by crossing the border undetected between legal ports of entry.Were inspected and admitted to the country on a valid visa, but overstay the specified length of stay.Are temporarily permitted to be in the country without being legally admitted, like while an asylum claim is being processed or through programs like immigration parole, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), or Temporary Protected Status (TPS). These individuals are allowed to enter or remain in the US by immigration officials, but are considered unauthorized immigrants unless they are granted some other legal immigration status.
Medicaid definition
Medicaid is a joint federal and state program that provides free or low-cost health coverage to eligible low-income individuals and families. Coverage includes certain children, pregnant people, seniors, and people with disabilities, and states may cover additional groups at their discretion. Eligibility is primarily based on a person’s income and financial resources..The program covers a comprehensive range of health services: hospital care, doctor visits, preventive care, prescription drugs, mental health services, and long-term care. Each state administers its own Medicaid program within the federal guidelines, so benefits, eligibility, and coverage do vary from state to state, sometimes significantly.
Pocket veto definition
A pocket veto is a passive form of presidential veto where the president chooses not to sign a bill while Congress is adjourned. Because Congress isn’t in session to receive the bill back, the legislation automatically expires and cannot become law.When a bill is passed by both houses of Congress and presented to the president, the president has 10 days (excluding Sundays) to sign it into law or return it with objections (a regular veto). However, if Congress adjourns during that 10-day period, the president may simply allow the bill to expire. This inaction is considered a pocket veto, and the bill dies.Can Congress override a pocket veto?No, Congress cannot override a pocket veto, because if a pocket veto is executed, Congress is not in session to act. However, Congress can reintroduce the bill and restart the approval process. Who was the last president to use a pocket veto?The last unambiguous use of a recognized pocket veto was by Bill Clinton in December 2000. He allowed the “Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2000” to expire without his signature as Congress adjourned.
Entitlement programs definition
Entitlement programs are government programs, funded federally or jointly with states, that guarantee payments or services to all individuals in the US who meet eligibility rules set by law. Once qualified, people are legally entitled to receive the promised benefits. Funding for most entitlement programs is mandatory, meaning the federal budget automatically includes the funds needed to cover all eligible claims — they’re not subject to the annual spending limits set in the budget appropriations process. The funding comes from a range of sources:Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income, and some other programs are financed by general funds of the US Treasury.Social Security and Medicare are financed through dedicated trust funds that get their money from payroll taxes and, in Medicare’s case, insurance premiums and general revenues.Some veterans' benefits and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are appropriated entitlements, meaning their eligibility rules are mandatory, but Congress must still pass appropriations to finance them.
Capital gains definition
Capital gains are the profits made when a capital asset — large items that people keep for long periods of time, like personal property, stocks, bonds, mutual funds, collectibles, or real estate — is sold. There are two kinds of capital gains:Short-term capital gains are profits realized from selling an asset a person or organization has held for one year or less.Long-term capital gains are profits realized from selling an asset a person or organization has held for more than one year.If a capital asset is sold at a loss, it’s called a capital loss. How much are capital gains taxed?The amount of capital gains tax depends on which type it is: Short-term gains are taxed at the seller’s ordinary income tax brackets (10%-37% for most taxpayers).Long-term gains are taxed at 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on the seller’s taxable income and filing status.An additional 3.8% net investment income tax may apply to individuals with modified adjusted gross incomes above $200,000 (for people who are single or head of the household or $250,000 (for married couples filing jointly).What is the capital gains home sale tax exclusion?Selling a house typically triggers a capital gains tax. However, someone selling their main home may be able to exclude (not pay tax on) up to:$250,000 of capital gain if they are single$500,000 of capital gain if they are married filing jointlyAny profit above the $250,000/$500,000 limit is taxable as a capital gain.To qualify for the exclusion, a taxpayer generally must have:Owned the home for at least two years in the five years before selling.Used in the home as their main residence for at least two years during that same five-year period.Not claimed the exclusion on the sale of another home in the past two years.If a taxpayer doesn’t meet the full two-year residency requirement, they may still qualify for a partial exclusion if the sale was due to a change in job, health, or certain unforeseen circumstances.
Alternative minimum tax definition
Some higher-income taxpayers can significantly reduce their tax liability with deductions and credits. The alternative minimum tax (AMT) was created to ensure that these taxpayers still pay a base amount by requiring a separate tax calculation that disallows or limits certain deductions and exclusions that are generally available.Taxpayers whose financial situations trigger AMT calculate their tax liability twice: once using regular income tax rules and once using AMT rules. They then pay whichever amount is greater.
ACA Marketplace definition
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is a 2010 law that made several changes to the US health insurance system, including expanding Medicaid in some states, allowing young adults to stay on their parents’ plans until age 26, prohibiting coverage denials for preexisting conditions, and creating new health insurance marketplaces.The ACA Marketplace is one part of that law. It is the platform where individuals and families can shop for and enroll in private health insurance plans that meet ACA standards, often with income-based subsidies that lower costs. The Marketplace is a purchasing platform, not a single insurance program.
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) definition
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable tax credit that helps low-to moderate-income workers. The EITC reduces the amount of federal income taxes they owe. Some taxpayers can also get a refund, even if they owe no taxes.To qualify for the Earned Income Tax Credit, taxpayers must:Have earned income from working (such as wages, salaries, tips, or self-employment).Meet income limits based on filing status and the number of qualifying children they have. (The IRS updates these thresholds each year.)Have a valid Social Security number. Spouses and qualifying children must also have Social Security numbersFile taxes using an allowable status — taxpayers who file as Married Filing Separately are not eligible for the EITC.Be a US citizen or resident alien for the entire filing year (or meet certain special rules, if the filer is a nonresident alien).Not be claimed as a dependent or qualifying child on someone else’s tax return.Have investment income below the annual limit set by the IRS. (This limit is also updated annually).Meet three criteria, if they do not have a qualifying child:Be at least 25 years old but under 65 at the end of the tax yearLive in the US for more than half the yearNot qualify as someone else’s dependent
Standard deduction vs. itemized deduction definition
Standard deductions and itemized deductions are two different ways to reduce the taxable income reported on federal income tax returns. The standard deduction is a fixed dollar amount available to nearly all taxpayers based on filing status. By contrast, itemized deductions are specific expenses that taxpayers may claim instead of the standard deduction.The standard deduction lets filers deduct a fixed dollar amount from their taxable income. The amount changes based on a person’s filing status (Single, Married Filing Jointly, Head of Household, etc.), with increases possible for taxpayers who are blind or age 65 or older. Amounts for all statuses are typically adjusted each year for inflation. No additional tax forms are needed to take the standard deduction.Itemized deductions let taxpayers deduct specific expenses from a list of allowable deductions. Common itemized deductions include state and local income or sales taxes, gifts to a qualified charity, and home mortgage interest. Filers itemizing deductions need an additional tax form: itemized deductions must be listed on Schedule A (Form 1040 or 1040-SR).Itemized deductions may be affected by a taxpayer’s income level. While the standard deduction is a fixed amount determined by filing status, many itemized deductions have income-based limitations. Certain deductions, such as medical expenses, casualty losses, and charitable contributions, can only be claimed to the extent they exceed a percentage of Adjusted Gross Income (AGI), while others are capped at a statutory dollar limit (such as the $10,000 cap on state and local taxes). As a result, the amount of allowable itemized deductions often varies with the taxpayer’s income.Taxpayers must choose one deduction method; it’s not possible to take the standard deduction and itemize.
Fiscal policy definition
US fiscal policy is the sum of all the federal government decisions on how spending and taxation should influence economic growth, employment, and inflation. It involves decisions on how much money the government collects (through taxes) and how much it spends (on programs, services, and infrastructure).
Continuing resolution definition
A continuing resolution (sometimes called a CR) is an act of Congress providing temporary funding that keeps federal agencies and programs operating when Congress hasn’t passed any regular appropriations bills by the start of the fiscal year (October 1).Continuing resolutions typically continue funding the government at roughly the same levels as the prior year (or with minor adjustments) for a limited time. They’re often passed as joint resolutions.
Budget resolution definition
A budget resolution (also known as a concurrent resolution) is the second step in the government budget process. It's preceded by the president’s budget request and followed by budget hearings in both the House and Senate. The resolution itself is a blueprint, adopted separately by the House of Representatives and the Senate, for federal spending, revenues, deficits or surpluses, and public debt for the upcoming fiscal year — along with projected plans for at least the next five years. The budget resolution gives Congress a framework for considering subsequent spending, revenue, and debt-limit legislation. It establishes overall totals, not line-item details. Congress is supposed to pass a budget resolution by April 15 each year (but they frequently miss the deadline).
Debt ceiling definition
The debt ceiling (or debt limit) is the legal maximum amount of money the US Treasury is allowed to borrow to meet the government’s existing financial obligations. These obligations include Social Security and Medicare benefits, military salaries, interest on the national debt, tax refunds, and other payments. The debt ceiling does not authorize new spending; it allows the government to finance obligations Congress and the president have already approved.
Asylum definition
Asylum — permission to stay in the US — a protection available to people already in the country (or who are arriving at a port of entry) who meet the legal definition of “refugee,” someone unable or unwilling to return home because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution. To request asylum, an individual files Form I-589 with US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) or raises the claim during immigration court proceedings. The government reviews the application, interviews the applicant, and checks whether the claim fits US asylum law. A decision is then made to grant asylum, deny it, or continue the case in immigration court.