Government spending articles

Get unbiased data and visuals on federal budgets, state and local governments, foreign aid, disasters relief, and other government programs.

How much federal money goes toward all state and local governments?
About $1.1 trillion in fiscal year (FY) 2024. This total includes money transferred to states, tribal governments, and local governments, such as cities and counties. Federal funding helps state and local governments pay for things like infrastructure, education, and health care for low-income people. In FY 2024, these transfers made up 16.2% of all federal spending.
How many civilian jobs are in the US federal government?
About 2.96 million, as of May 2025. Federal jobs include all jobs ranging from janitors to air traffic controllers to nurses to postal workers and more. (Enlisted service people are considered government employees but aren’t included in this figure because they’re not civilians.) Out of the 159.6 million nonfarm jobs in the US, 1.9% are in the federal government, the nation’s largest employer. Another way to look at it: The federal government is responsible for one in every 50 jobs.
Updates monthly
How much money does the US federal government collect?
About $4.9 trillion in fiscal year (FY) 2024. This is about $14,600 per person in the US, however individual contributions vary based on income, spending, and other factors. Government revenue is the total amount of money received from individual and corporate taxes, and other sources that are used to pay for government spending.
Updates monthly
How much does the US spend on defense?
About $820 billion in fiscal year 2023. Defense spending includes personnel compensation, equipment, research and development (R&D), and the costs associated with operating and maintaining military efforts. The Department of Defense is responsible for most spending on national defense, along with other agencies like the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice.
What is the federal government’s budget deficit?
About $1.8 trillion deficit in fiscal year (FY) 2024.. A budget deficit occurs when the federal government spends more money than it brings in through taxes, customs duties, the sale of assets, and other revenues. When the government has a deficit, it borrows money by selling bonds and other securities in order to pay for it, adding to the national debt. A budget surplus, on the other hand, occurs when the government brings in more money than it spends.
Updates monthly
What percentage of public school funding in the US comes from the federal government?
About 13.7% or one in every seven dollars of public school funding during the 2021–22 school year. Local and state governments typically provide most school district funding, with the federal government providing the rest. Federal sources provide as little as 0% and as much as 75% of funding, depending on the district. Federal funding depends on factors such as poverty levels and other student demographics, availability of state and local revenues, and whether a district is urban, suburban, or rural. During 2021–22, which is the latest year of data available, public schools received $124.9 billion, or $2,536 in federal funds per student.
Updates annually
How are public schools in the US funded?
Primarily from state and local governments. In the 2021–2022 school year, the most recent year of available data, about 44.1% of public school funding came from state sources like income and retail taxes, and another 42.2% came from local sources like property taxes. The federal government provided the remaining 13.7%, often through programs like Title I or IDEA that are aimed at supporting specific student needs. Altogether, public schools received $909.2 billion in funding, or $18,500 per student.
Updates annually
How much debt does the US have?
About $36.2 trillion as of June 2025. The federal government borrows money when its spending and investments cannot be funded by federal revenue alone; this debt enables the government to pay for programs and services when funds aren’t immediately available.
Updates monthly
What does the Veterans Health Administration do?
The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Veterans Affairs responsible for providing comprehensive healthcare services to military veterans. The agency operates a nationwide system of medical centers, outpatient clinics, and specialized care facilities, offering services ranging from primary care to specialized treatments for conditions such as PTSD and traumatic brain injuries. It also conducts research and provides training for healthcare professionals. It was established in 1930.
Updates annually
What does USAID do?
USAID (US Agency for International Development) is an independent executive branch agency responsible for administering foreign aid and economic development assistance outside the US. Its functions include supporting economic growth, global health, and education; providing humanitarian aid in response to crises; and advancing US foreign policy goals through partnerships. It was established in 1961 as part of the Foreign Assistance Act.
Updates annually
What does the US Agency for Global Media do?
The United States Agency for Global Media (USAGM) is an independent federal agency responsible for overseeing media networks that provide news and information in countries where press freedom is limited. It manages outlets such as Voice of America, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, the Office of Cuba Broadcasting, the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, and the Open Technology Fund. These networks deliver accurate and independent reporting to global audiences. It was established in 1994.
Updates annually
What does the United States Mint do?
The United States Mint (US Mint) is a subdivision of the Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce. The agency designs and manufactures domestic, bullion, and foreign coins, as well as Congressional Gold Medals and silver, gold, and platinum bullion coins. It also maintains physical custody and protection of the nation's gold and silver assets. It was established in 1792.
Updates annually
What does the Transportation Security Administration do?
The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is a subdivision of the Department of Homeland Security responsible for ensuring the security of the traveling public in the United States. The agency oversees security operations at airports, including passenger screening and baggage inspection, and works to prevent and respond to threats against transportation systems. It also collaborates with other federal, state, and local agencies to ensure transportation security. It was established in 2001.
Updates annually
What does the Substance Abuse And Mental Health Services Administration do?
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Health and Human Services responsible for improving the quality and availability of treatment and rehabilitative services to reduce illness, death, disability, and the cost to society resulting from substance abuse and mental illnesses. SAMHSA leads public health efforts to advance the behavioral health of the nation and works to improve the lives of individuals living with mental and substance use disorders and their families. It was established in 1992.
Updates annually
What does the State Department do?
The Department of State (State Department, DOS) is an executive branch agency responsible for conducting US foreign policy and diplomatic relations. Its functions include negotiating treaties, representing the US in international organizations, issuing passports and visas, coordinating refugee and humanitarian assistance, and overseeing foreign aid and embassy operations. It was established in 1789.
Updates annually
What does the Social Security Administration do?
The Social Security Administration (SSA) is an independent executive branch agency responsible for administering Social Security, a program that provides retirement, disability, and survivor benefits to eligible people. Its functions include managing the distribution of monthly payments to beneficiaries, enrolling Medicare recipients, and overseeing the issuance of Social Security numbers and cards. It was established in 1935 as part of the Social Security Act.
Updates annually
What does the Small Business Administration do?
The Small Business Administration (SBA) is an independent executive agency responsible for supporting small business owners and entrepreneurs in their business ventures. Its functions include providing small businesses access to capital, offering free or low-cost counseling and training, working with other government agencies to contract small businesses, and advocating on behalf of the small business sector in front of Congress. It was established in 1953.
Updates annually
What does the Selective Service System do?
The Selective Service System (SSS) is an independent federal agency responsible for maintaining information on individuals who could be called to military service in the event of a national emergency. It ensures the federal government has a fair and efficient process in place for conducting a draft if needed. It was established in 1940.
Updates annually
What does the Secret Service do?
The US Secret Service (USSS) is a subdivision of the Department of Homeland Security responsible for safeguarding the nation's financial infrastructure and payment systems, as well as protecting national leaders, visiting heads of state and government, designated sites, and National Special Security Events. The agency's dual mission includes investigating and preventing financial crimes such as counterfeiting, credit card fraud, and cybercrime, while also ensuring the security of the President, Vice President, their families, and other high-profile officials. It was established in 1865.
Updates annually
What does the Peace Corps do?
The Peace Corps (PC) is an independent federal agency responsible for sending trained American volunteers abroad to support community-led projects in areas such as education, health, agriculture, and economic development. It also fosters cross-cultural understanding between Americans and the communities they serve. It was established in 1961.
Updates annually
What does the Office of the US Trade Representative do?
The Office of The United States Trade Representative (USTR) is a subdivision of the Executive Office of the President responsible for developing and coordinating US international trade, commodity, and direct investment policy, and overseeing negotiations with other countries. The agency works to create trade opportunities for American businesses and workers, enforce US trade laws, and ensure that trade agreements are fair and beneficial to the US economy. It was established in 1963.
Updates annually
What does the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services do?
The Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) is a subdivision of the US Department of Education responsible for improving results and outcomes for people with disabilities of all ages. OSERS provides a wide array of supports to parents and individuals, school districts, and states in three main areas: special education, vocational rehabilitation, and research. It was established in 1979.
Updates annually
What does the Office of Postsecondary Education do?
The Office of Postsecondary Education (OPE) is a subdivision of the US Department of Education responsible for promoting and ensuring access to quality postsecondary education. The agency administers programs that support higher education institutions, provide financial assistance to students, and promote innovation and improvement in postsecondary education. It also works to ensure equal access to education and to foster educational excellence throughout the nation. It was established in 1980.
Updates annually
What does the Office of Personnel Management do?
The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) is an independent executive branch agency responsible for managing the civil service of the federal government. Its functions include coordinating the recruitment of new government employees, managing health insurance and retirement benefits programs, and providing resources for job seekers. Established in 1979, it serves as the chief human resources agency and personnel policy manager for the federal government.
Updates annually
What does the Office of Management and Budget do?
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is a subdivision of The Executive Office of the President responsible for assisting the President in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and supervising its administration in Executive Branch agencies. The OMB evaluates the effectiveness of agency programs, policies, and procedures, assesses competing funding demands among agencies, and sets funding priorities. It also ensures that agency reports, rules, testimony, and proposed legislation are consistent with the President's budget and administration policies. It was established in 1970.
Updates annually
What does the Office of Federal Student Aid do?
The Office of Federal Student Aid (FSA) is a subdivision of the Department of Education responsible for providing financial assistance to students pursuing postsecondary education. The agency administers federal grants, loans, and work-study funds to help students cover the cost of college or career school. It also offers resources and guidance to help students and families navigate the financial aid process. It was established in 1965.
Updates annually
What does the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity do?
The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO) is a subdivision of the Department of Housing and Urban Development responsible for enforcing federal laws that prohibit discrimination in housing. The agency ensures equal access to housing and promotes inclusive communities through the administration of fair housing laws, public education, and outreach. It also investigates complaints of housing discrimination and works to eliminate discriminatory practices. It was established in 1968.
Updates annually
What does the Office of English Language Acquisition do?
The Office of English Language Acquisition (OELA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Education responsible for providing national leadership to help ensure that English learners and immigrant students attain English proficiency and achieve academic success. The agency administers grant programs, conducts research, and provides resources and technical assistance to support high-quality education for English learners. It was established in 1974.
Updates annually
What does the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education do?
The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE) is a subdivision of the US Department of Education responsible for promoting academic excellence and ensuring equal access to education for all students in elementary and secondary schools. The office administers programs that support state and local education agencies, focusing on improving student achievement, providing resources for disadvantaged students, and enhancing teacher quality. It also oversees initiatives aimed at closing achievement gaps and fostering safe and supportive learning environments. It was established in 1980.
Updates annually
What does the Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education do?
The Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education (OCTAE) is a subdivision of the US Department of Education responsible for administering and overseeing programs that prepare individuals for postsecondary education and the workforce. OCTAE focuses on improving career and technical education, adult education, and literacy, ensuring that all students and adults have the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in a global economy. It was established in 1966.
Updates annually
What does the Occupational Safety and Health Administration do?
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Labor responsible for ensuring safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance. OSHA's mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by issuing and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health. It was established in 1970.
Updates annually
What does the Nuclear Regulatory Commission do?
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is an independent executive branch responsible for regulating the use of radioactive materials for civilian purposes and ensuring public and environmental health and safety. It oversees the operation and waste management of nuclear power plants and other nuclear material uses (including medical and academic). It was established in 1974.
Updates annually
What does the National Transportation Safety Board do?
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent federal agency responsible for investigating civil transportation accidents across the United States. It determines the causes of accidents, issues safety recommendations, conducts safety studies, and assists victims and their families. The NTSB covers aviation, highway, marine, pipeline, and railroad incidents. It was established in 1967.
Updates annually
What does the National Security Council do?
The National Security Council (NSC) is a subdivision of the Executive Office of the President responsible for advising the President on national security and foreign policy matters. The NSC coordinates these policies among various government agencies to ensure a unified national security strategy. It was established in 1947.
Updates annually
What does the National Science Foundation do?
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent executive branch agency responsible for supporting science and engineering nationwide for the purpose of scientific progress, advancement of national health and welfare, and national security. The agency fulfills this objective primarily through making grants, funding approximately 25% of all federally supported research conducted by US colleges and universities. It was established in 1950.
Updates annually
What does the National Park Service do?
The National Park Service (NPS) is a subdivision of the US Department of the Interior responsible for managing and preserving national parks, monuments, and other historical sites across the United States. The agency's primary mission is to conserve the natural and cultural resources within these areas for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of current and future generations. It also works to protect the ecological integrity of these sites while providing recreational opportunities for the public. It was established in 1916.
Updates annually
What does the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration do?
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a subdivision of the Department of Commerce responsible for understanding and predicting changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts. NOAA shares this knowledge and information with others and helps conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources. It was established in 1970.
Updates annually
What does the National Mediation Board do?
The National Mediation Board (NMB) is an independent federal agency responsible for managing labor relations in the railroad and airline industries. It mediates contract negotiations, resolves labor disputes, and conducts union representation elections to help prevent work stoppages and maintain uninterrupted transportation services. It was established in 1934 under the Railway Labor Act.
Updates annually
What does the National Labor Relations Board do?
The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent executive branch agency responsible for safeguarding employees’ rights to unionize and preventing unfair labor practices. Its functions include conducting union elections, investigating charges of unfair practices, deciding cases, and enforcing punishment. It was established in 1935.
Updates annually
What does the National Institutes of Health do?
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a subdivision of the US Department of Health and Human Services responsible for conducting and supporting medical research to improve public health. The agency funds and conducts research in various fields of biomedical science, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. It also provides training for researchers and disseminates health information to the public. It was established in 1887.
Updates annually
What does the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration do?
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Transportation responsible for ensuring the safety of motor vehicles and road users. The agency sets and enforces safety performance standards for motor vehicles and equipment, conducts research on driver behavior and traffic safety, and provides grants to state and local governments to improve highway safety. It also oversees the recall of vehicles and equipment that pose safety risks. It was established in 1970.
Updates annually
What does NASA do?
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent executive branch agency responsible for the nation’s civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA conducts scientific research to understand Earth and space, develops and tests new aerospace technologies, and conducts human space exploration missions. It operates the International Space Station in partnership with other nations and is advancing plans to return humans to the Moon and explore Mars. It was established in 1958.
Updates annually
What does the Merit Systems Protection Board do?
The Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) is an independent federal agency responsible for safeguarding the integrity of the civil service system and protecting the rights of federal employees. It hears appeals on personnel actions such as removals, suspensions, and demotions, ensuring those decisions are based on merit and free from prohibited practices. It also conducts studies to evaluate the effectiveness of federal merit systems. It was established in 1979.
Updates annually
What does the International Trade Administration do?
The International Trade Administration (ITA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Commerce responsible for promoting international trade, strengthening the competitiveness of US industry, and ensuring fair trade through rigorous enforcement of trade laws and agreements. The ITA provides data, tools, and resources to help American businesses navigate the complexities of international markets, advocates for US commercial interests abroad, and works to remove trade barriers. It was established in 1980.
Updates annually
What does the Internal Revenue Service do?
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is a subdivision of the Department of the Treasury responsible for administering and enforcing the nation’s tax laws. It processes tax returns, collects federal taxes, issues refunds, and ensures compliance through audits and enforcement actions. The agency also provides guidance and assistance to help individuals and businesses understand and meet their tax obligations. It was established in 1862.
Updates annually
What does the Inter-American Foundation do?
The Inter-American Foundation (IAF) is an independent federal agency responsible for supporting community-led development in Latin America and the Caribbean. It provides grants to local organizations to promote sustainable development, expand economic opportunities, and strengthen civil society. It was established in 1969.
Updates annually
What does the Institute of Education Sciences do?
The Institute of Education Sciences (IES) is a subdivision of the US Department of Education responsible for providing rigorous and relevant evidence on which to ground education practice and policy and sharing this information broadly. The agency conducts research, evaluates programs, and collects and analyzes education statistics to improve the quality of education in the United States. It was established in 2002.
Updates annually
What does the Immigration and Customs Enforcement do?
The US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is a subdivision of the US Department of Homeland Security responsible for enforcing immigration laws, investigating criminal activities, and ensuring national security. ICE conducts investigations, detains and deports individuals who violate immigration laws, and works to dismantle criminal organizations involved in human trafficking, drug smuggling, and other illegal activities. It was established in 2003.
Updates annually
What does the Forest Service do?
The Forest Service (FS) is a subdivision of the US Department of Agriculture responsible for managing public lands in national forests and grasslands. The agency's mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of these lands to meet the needs of present and future generations. It provides leadership in the protection, management, and use of the nation's forest resources, ensuring their long-term sustainability. It was established in 1905.
Updates annually
What does the Food Safety and Inspection Service do?
The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is a subdivision of the US Department of Agriculture responsible for ensuring that the nation's commercial supply of meat, poultry, and egg products is safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and packaged. The agency conducts inspections, enforces food safety regulations, and works to prevent foodborne illnesses through rigorous testing and monitoring. It also provides guidance and education to industry and consumers on food safety practices. It was established in 1977.
Updates annually
What does the Food and Nutrition Service do?
The Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) is a subdivision of the US Department of Agriculture responsible for administering the nation’s domestic nutrition assistance programs. These programs include the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the National School Lunch Program, and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The agency aims to provide children and low-income individuals access to food, a healthful diet, and nutrition education. It was established in 1969.
Updates annually
What does the Food and Drug Administration do?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Health and Human Services responsible for protecting public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices. The agency also oversees the safety and security of the nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. It was established in 1906.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Transit Administration do?
The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) is a subdivision of the Department of Transportation responsible for providing financial and technical assistance to local public transit systems. The agency oversees safety measures, helps develop new transit technologies, and ensures that transit systems are accessible to all individuals, including those with disabilities. It was established in 1964.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Trade Commission do?
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an independent federal agency responsible for protecting consumers and promoting fair competition in the marketplace. It investigates deceptive advertising, fraudulent business practices, and antitrust violations, while also providing consumer education and developing policies to maintain a competitive economy. It was established in 1914.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service do?
The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) is an independent federal agency responsible for helping resolve disputes between employers and employees in both the public and private sectors. It provides mediation during labor negotiations, offers training to improve labor-management relationships, and supports conflict resolution in workplaces and communities. It was established in 1947.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Maritime Commission do?
The Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) is an independent federal agency responsible for regulating international ocean transportation involving the United States. It's mission is to ensure a competitive and fair shipping system, protects the public from deceptive practices, and oversee agreements and rates among ocean carriers and terminal operators. It was established in 1961.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Labor Relations Authority do?
The Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) is an independent federal agency responsible for managing labor relations between federal agencies and their employees (excluding the Postal Service). It resolves disputes between agencies and unions, enforces labor laws, and offers training and guidance on labor-management relations. It was established in 1978.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Highway Administration do?
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a subdivision of the Department of Transportation responsible for overseeing the construction, maintenance, and preservation of the nation's highways, bridges, and tunnels. The agency provides financial and technical assistance to state and local governments to ensure the safety and efficiency of the national highway system. It also develops policies and guidelines to promote innovation and sustainability in transportation infrastructure. It was established in 1966.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Emergency Management Agency do?
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a subdivision of the Department of Homeland Security responsible for coordinating the federal government’s response to natural disasters, emergencies, and other large-scale incidents. The agency provides financial assistance, logistical support, and planning resources to help individuals, communities, and governments prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. It also works to strengthen nationwide emergency management capabilities through training, partnerships, and risk mitigation efforts. It was established in 1979.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Communications Commission do?
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent federal agency responsible for regulating communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable across the United States. It oversees competition and innovation in the communications industry, manages the radio spectrum, and sets rules to support emerging technologies. The FCC also helps protect the nation’s communications infrastructure. It was established in 1934.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Bureau of Investigation do?
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a subdivision of the US Department of Justice responsible for investigating and enforcing federal laws, protecting and defending the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, upholding and enforcing the criminal laws of the United States, and providing leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international partners. The FBI also focuses on cybercrime, public corruption, civil rights violations, and other major crimes. It was established in 1908.
Updates annually
What does the Federal Aviation Administration do?
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Transportation responsible for regulating and overseeing all aspects of civil aviation in the United States. The agency's primary mission is to ensure the safety and efficiency of the national airspace system. It sets and enforces regulations for aircraft manufacturing and operation, certifies airmen and airports, and manages air traffic control. The FAA also conducts research to improve aviation safety and efficiency, and collaborates with international aviation authorities. It was established in 1958, originally called the Federal Aviation Agency.
Updates annually
What does the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission do?
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is an independent executive branch agency tasked with enforcing workplace discrimination laws. Its functions include investigating charges of discrimination against employers, providing guidance and oversight on equal employment practices, and conducting outreach and education programs. Most companies with 15 or more employees are under EEOC jurisdiction. The agency was established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Updates annually
What does the Environmental Protection Agency do?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent executive branch agency responsible for safeguarding human health and protecting the environment by ensuring that people in the US have access to clean air, land, and water. Its functions include developing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress, providing grants to support environmental programs and projects, researches environmental issues, and fostering partnerships with businesses, nonprofits, and state and local governments. It was established in 1970.
Updates annually
What does the Drug Enforcement Administration do?
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Justice responsible for enforcing the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States. The agency aims to reduce the availability of illicit controlled substances on the domestic and international markets. It also works to disrupt and dismantle drug trafficking organizations and collaborates with other agencies to combat drug-related crimes. It was established in 1973.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Veterans Affairs do?
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a cabinet-level executive branch agency responsible for providing healthcare services, benefits programs, and access to national cemeteries for the nation's veterans and their dependents. It was established as the Veterans Administration in 1930 and elevated to cabinet status in 1989.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Transportation do?
The Department of Transportation (USDOT, DOT) is a cabinet-level executive branch agency responsible for overseeing national transportation systems and infrastructure. Its functions include developing and implementing federal transportation policies; ensuring the safety and efficiency of highways, railroads, air travel, and maritime transport; and administering funding for transportation projects including local transit systems. It was established in 1966.
Updates annually
What does the Department of the Treasury do?
The Department of the Treasury (Department of Treasury, TREAS) is a cabinet-level executive branch agency responsible for overseeing economic conditions and ensuring the financial security of the United States. The department's functions include advising the president on economic matters, managing federal finances, collecting taxes through the Internal Revenue Service, producing currency, and supervising national banks. It was established in 1789 and is the second-oldest department in the federal government.
Updates annually
What does the Department of the Interior do?
The Department of the Interior (Interior, DOI) is an executive branch agency responsible for managing federal lands, natural resources, and cultural heritage. Its functions include overseeing national parks and other protected lands, regulating natural resource extraction, upholding tribal relations and trust responsibilities, and preserving the environment. It was established in 1849.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Labor do?
The Department of Labor (DOL) is an executive branch agency responsible for overseeing the American labor force and working conditions. Its functions include enforcing wage and hour standards and union law, regulating workplace safety, administering unemployment benefits and workers’ compensation, collecting labor market data, and promoting workforce development. It was established in 1913.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Housing and Urban Development do?
The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is an executive branch agency responsible for national housing policy and community development. Its functions include providing affordable housing assistance, enforcing fair housing laws, supporting homeownership programs, and administering grants for urban development and disaster recovery. It was established in 1965.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Homeland Security do?
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a cabinet-level executive branch agency responsible for protecting the United States against potential threats. Its primary functions include anti-terrorism efforts, border security, immigration and customs enforcement, cybersecurity, and disaster prevention and management. It was established in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and began operations in 2003.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Health and Human Services do?
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a cabinet-level executive branch agency responsible for overseeing public health policy and administering funding for health programs and services. The department's functions include managing national health programs like Medicare and Medicaid, advancing medical research, ensuring food and drug safety, and promoting health equity for all individuals. It was established in 1980 after the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was reorganized into separate entities.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Energy do?
The Department of Energy (DOE) is an executive branch agency responsible for overseeing national energy policy and managing the country’s nuclear infrastructure. Its functions include advancing energy research and innovation, promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy, regulating the production and distribution of electricity and fossil fuels, and ensuring the security of the US nuclear weapons stockpile. It was established in 1977.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Education do?
The Department of Education (Education Department, ED) is a cabinet-level executive branch agency responsible for overseeing education policy and administering funding for programs and individuals. The department's functions include supporting state and local education systems, promoting educational equity for all students, and providing grants and loans to higher education institutions and students. It was established in 1980 after the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was reorganized into separate entities.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Defense do?
The Department of Defense (DOD) is cabinet-level executive branch agency tasked with maintaining and overseeing the military forces of the United States. Its primary functions include overseeing the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Space Force; creating military policies; and managing the defense budget. It was established in 1947.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Commerce do?
The Department of Commerce (DOC) is an executive branch agency responsible for supporting economic growth within the US. Its functions include promoting job creation, sustainable business development, and ensuring economic competitiveness. It was established in 1903.
Updates annually
What does the Department of Agriculture do?
The Department of Agriculture (USDA) is cabinet-level executive branch agency responsible for developing and executing federal policies on food, agriculture, natural resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues. Its functions include supporting farmers and ranchers, ensuring food safety, promoting agricultural trade, conserving natural resources and the environment, and addressing hunger both domestically and internationally. It was established in 1862.
Updates annually
What does the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency do?
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Homeland Security responsible for protecting the nation's critical infrastructure from physical and cyber threats. The agency works to enhance the security, resilience, and reliability of the nation's cyber and physical infrastructure through partnerships, information sharing, and risk management. It also provides resources, tools, and support to help organizations and individuals safeguard their systems and respond to incidents. It was established in 2018.
Updates annually
What does the Customs and Border Protection do?
The US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is a subdivision of the US Department of Homeland Security responsible for safeguarding the nation's borders and facilitating lawful international trade and travel. The agency enforces immigration laws, prevents the illegal entry of goods and individuals, and ensures the security of the US border. It also works to prevent the trafficking of drugs, weapons, and other contraband. It was established in 2003.
Updates annually
What does the Commodity Futures Trading Commission do?
The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent federal agency responsible for regulating US derivatives markets, including futures, swaps, and certain types of options. It oversees these markets to reduce financial risk, protect market participants from fraud and abuse, and help ensure fair and stable trading conditions. It was established in 1974.
Updates annually
What does the Commission on Civil Rights do?
The US Commission on Civil Rights (USCCR) is an independent, bipartisan federal agency responsible for informing national civil rights policy and monitoring enforcement of federal civil rights laws. It investigates voting rights complaints and studies issues related to discrimination and unequal treatment based on race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. It also collects and shares information on civil rights issues to support public understanding and policy development. It was established in 1957.
Updates annually
What does the Coast Guard do?
The US Coast Guard (USCG) is a subdivision of the US Department of Homeland Security responsible for ensuring the safety, security, and stewardship of the nation's waters. The agency conducts search and rescue operations, enforces maritime law, and protects the marine environment. It also supports national defense and responds to natural and man-made disasters. It was established in 1790.
Updates annually
What does the Citizenship and Immigration Services do?
The US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is a subdivision of the Department of Homeland Security responsible for overseeing lawful immigration to the United States. The agency administers the nation's naturalization and immigration system, processes applications for citizenship, and manages the issuance of various immigration benefits. It also ensures the integrity of the immigration system by preventing fraud and enhancing security measures. It was established in 2003.
Updates annually
What does the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services do?
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is a subdivision of the Department of Health and Human Services responsible for administering the nation’s major healthcare programs including Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). The agency ensures that beneficiaries have access to high-quality healthcare services while also working to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery. It was established in 1965.
Updates annually
What does the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a subdivision of the Department of Health and Human Services responsible for protecting public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The agency conducts research, provides health information, and supports public health efforts to respond to health threats ranging from infectious diseases to chronic conditions. It also works with state and local partners to monitor health trends and promote health equity. It was established in 1946.
Updates annually
What does the Census Bureau do?
The Bureau of the Census (Census Bureau) is a subdivision of the US Department of Commerce responsible for collecting and analyzing data about the population and economy of the United States. The agency conducts the decennial census, which provides data for government representation, allocation of federal funds, and policy making. It also conducts numerous other surveys on topics such as housing, business, and demographics. It was established in 1902.
Updates annually
What does the Bureau of the Fiscal Service do?
The Bureau of the Fiscal Service (BFS, Fiscal Service) is a subdivision of the US Department of the Treasury responsible for managing the government's accounting, central payment systems, and public debt. The agency ensures the effective and efficient management of federal finances by providing accurate and timely financial information, promoting the use of electronic financial services, and overseeing the issuance of government securities. It was established in 2012.
Updates annually
What does the Bureau of Land Management do?
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is a subdivision of the US Department of the Interior responsible for administering public lands in the United States. The agency manages various resources and activities on these lands, including energy development, livestock grazing, recreation, and conservation. It aims to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. It was established in 1946.
Updates annually
What does the Bureau of Labor Statistics do?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is a subdivision of the US Department of Labor responsible for measuring labor market activity, working conditions, and price changes in the economy. The agency collects, analyzes, and disseminates essential economic information to support public and private decision-making. It also conducts research and provides data on employment, unemployment, inflation, productivity, and other economic indicators. It was established in 1884.
Updates annually
What does the Bureau of Economic Analysis do?
The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) is a subdivision of the US Department of Commerce responsible for providing important economic statistics including the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States. The agency collects and analyzes data on economic performance, trade, and industry, which helps inform public policy and business decisions. It was established in 1972.
Updates annually
What does the Armed Forces Retirement Home do?
The Armed Forces Retirement Home (AFRH) is an independent federal agency responsible for providing housing, healthcare, and supportive services to retired and eligible veterans. It offers residential care, medical and dental services, and recreational activities to support the well-being and dignity of its residents. It operates two campuses—in Washington, DC, and Gulfport, Mississippi—and was established in 1991.
Updates annually
What does AmeriCorps do?
The Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS), also called AmeriCorps, is an independent federal agency responsible for engaging Americans in service programs that address education, public safety, the environment, and other community needs. In 2020, it merged with AmeriCorps. It promotes civic responsibility and provides educational benefits to participants who commit to national service. It was established in 1993.
Updates annually
What does the Administrative Conference of the United States do?
The Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) is an independent federal agency established in 1964 by the Administrative Conference Act. The agency evaluates and makes recommendations to improve the administrative processes of government agencies. To do this, ACUS conducts research studies and provides recommendations to promote efficiency, participation, and fairness in the implementation of federal programs. ACUS publishes reference guides and resources, and organizes forums and roundtables to disseminate their findings and recommendations.
Updates annually
How much does the US federal government spend?
About $6.8 trillion in fiscal year (FY) 2024. This averages about $19,900 per person in the US. The amount the government can spend depends on the amount of revenue it collects (e.g., through taxes, customs duties, and other sources). If it has to spend more revenue than it brings in, it borrows the funds, creating debt.
Updates monthly
How much of the American workforce is unionized?
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 9.9% of US workers — 14.3 million people — were union members in 2024. This was the lowest point of a slow but steady decline. In 1983, 20.1% of the workforce was unionized, or 17.7 million people. Union membership has decreased every year since except for three.
Aug 8, 2025
What does the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives do?
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is a subdivision of the US Department of Justice responsible for enforcing federal laws related to the regulation of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, explosives, and arson. The agency's primary mission is to protect communities from violent criminals, criminal organizations, the illegal use and trafficking of firearms, the illegal use and storage of explosives, acts of arson and bombings, acts of terrorism, and the illegal diversion of alcohol and tobacco products. It was established in 1972.
Updates annually
How much does the federal government spend on SNAP every year?
About $100.3 billion during fiscal year (FY) 2024. That’s 1.5% of all federal spending. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), once known as the Food Stamp program, is administered by the Department of Agriculture providing food assistance to low-income people.
Updates annually
How many people receive SNAP benefits in the US every month?
About 41.7 million people during fiscal year (FY) 2024. That’s 12.3% of the US population. Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is determined based on household income levels. SNAP, once known as the Food Stamp program, is administered by the Department of Agriculture providing food assistance to low-income individuals.
Updates monthly
Just the Facts about the federal budget
Steve talks about the federal budget, including how the government makes money (namely, income taxes) and how revenue collection and spending decisions impact the US federal deficit and debt, military spending, and American daily life.
What countries receive the most foreign aid from the US?
In fiscal year (FY) 2023 — the most recent fully-reported year — Ukraine received $16.6 billion, the most of any country. This amount reflects disbursements, a measure of foreign aid that captures when money is actually transferred out of US government accounts. Foreign aid is reported by more than 20 agencies within the federal government that fund foreign assistance activities.
How much foreign aid does the US provide overall?
About $99.8 billion in aid was promised for fiscal year (FY) 2023, the most recent fully-reported year. The United States gives foreign assistance to provide humanitarian aid and support peace, security, and economic development around the world. Investing in global security and stability serves US national security interests by creating strategic and economic connections with other countries.
Updates monthly
How many US children receive free or reduced-price school lunch?
In 2024, 21.4 million students received subsidized lunches through the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) — 72.5% of all public-school lunches were served free or at a discount. NSLP subsidies are available to public school students as well as students at nonprofit private schools. During the COVID-19 pandemic, school closures led to a drop in NSLP participation, from 29.6 million kids in 2019 to 11.0 million in 2021; fewer open schools meant fewer kids needing lunch. A pandemic waiver allowed all students who were physically attending school to receive free meals, and 98.9% of all 2021 school lunches were at least partially subsidized. The free and reduced-price school lunch program is now resettling after that aberration.
Aug 4, 2025
What goes into the monthly jobs report?
The latest edition of the Bureau of Labor Statistics's (BLS) monthly jobs report, released August 1, 2025, reported “little change” in jobs numbers since April. Citing the report, President Trump directed his team to fire the Commissioner of Labor Statistics, Erika McEntarfer.What does the jobs report show?The August update showed 73,000 jobs added in July.The report also customarily revises recent months' data as the agency receives more information from businesses. In August, the BLS revised May jobs numbers from 144,000 to 19,000 and June from 147,000 to 14,000.
Aug 1, 2025
What’s in the Rescissions Act of 2025?
The Senate recently passed a rescission package, the Rescissions Act of 2025, which proposes canceling nearly $9 billion in already-approved funding for the State Department, the US Agency for International Development (USAID), and other independent agencies and organizations — including the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.What is a rescission package?A rescission cancels previously approved funding, and a rescissions package is a formal request to cut funding in multiple areas. Under the Impoundment Control Act, the President can propose delaying or canceling funds Congress has already approved and Congress has 45 continuous legislative days to enact or reject the proposal. During this period, the executive branch can temporarily withhold the funds. If Congress takes no action, the funds must be released as originally planned. The Rescission Act of 2025 was introduced in the House on June 6, 2025. The House passed it on June 12, and the Senate on July 16.
Jul 23, 2025
Are major natural disasters increasing?
The number of natural weather disasters with damages of more than a billion dollars has increased over the last forty years. From 1980 to 2024, the US averaged 9 events per year, while the annual average for the most recent 5 years is 23.The National Centers for Environmental Information has kept track of billion-dollar natural disasters since 1980 and cites increased exposure, vulnerability, and climate change as reasons for the increase.Are billion-dollar natural disasters becoming more frequent?Of the 10 years with the most natural disasters, nine were in the last decade.Since 1980, there have been 402 natural weather disasters in the US with total costs over $1 billion, including:203 severe storms67 tropical cyclones (including hurricanes)44 floods32 droughts24 winter storms23 wildfiresand nine freezesIn total, these disasters cost $2.9 trillion and took the lives of 16,918 people.In the 1980s, there were a total of 33 billion-dollar natural disaster events, with 2,994 deaths. In the last 10 full years (2015–2024), this number rose to 198, resulting in 6,387 deaths. All told, nearly 60% of the billion-dollar climate events that have hit the US since 1980 happened between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2024.
Jul 7, 2025
What’s in the “One Big Beautiful Bill”?
Congress has passed its next major spending bill. This legislation, called the “One Big Beautiful Bill,” would lower some taxes, change funding for various federal programs, raise the debt ceiling, and change many other parts of the federal government with the goal of aligning with the Trump administration’s priorities. The bill was negotiated through a process called reconciliation, which Congress can use to change laws that affect the country’s budget. The process limits the time the Senate can spend debating to 20 hours, eliminating the possibility of a filibuster. It also means that the bill can pass with a simple majority of 51 votes in the Senate (or 50 plus the vice president’s tie-breaking vote) rather than the supermajority of 60 votes typically needed to avoid a filibuster.Interested in when some of these changes might take effect? Check out this detailed timeline.
Jul 3, 2025
What’s in Trump’s 2026 budget proposal?
A budget proposal sent from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to Congress details the Trump administration’s discretionary spending recommendations: The proposed FY 2026 budget keeps overall discretionary base spending level with 2025, but changes how some of that money is allocated, shifting $119.3 billion from non-defense programs to defense programs.“Discretionary spending” refers to the portion of the budget that requires congressional approval — in other words, funding that is up to the discretion of Congress.The rest is “mandatory spending,” funds spent automatically to cover required expenses under current law, including programs like Social Security and Medicare. Proposed changes to mandatory programs are not included in this data.What was the total discretionary presidential budget request for 2026?The president’s 2026 budget request included $1.69 trillion in discretionary spending split between what the OMB calls “base” and “non-base” funding. Base discretionary funding includes most spending through departments and agencies; non-base discretionary funding covers less predictable expenses like emergency and disaster relief.Ninety-five percent of the request ($1.61 trillion) was base funding. This matches the total enacted for fiscal year 2025.
Jun 26, 2025
Who pays the most income tax?
The federal government generated $4.9 trillion in revenue in fiscal year 2024, nearly half of which came from taxing people on their incomes. Individual income taxes in FY 2024 totaled $2.4 trillion, or $7,166 per person.
Jun 25, 2025
Where are US troops stationed?
The US has a strong military presence both domestically and overseas, with 1.5 million active-duty service members stationed at home or abroad. In addition to millions of troops, the Department of Defense manages 568,000 facilities, covering 27 million acres, across 4,790 military sites worldwide. For context, that’s roughly the size of the state of Virginia.The US military is tasked with training troops and defending US citizens on American soil, as well as protecting its national security interests by defending strategic supply chains, deterring attacks and future aggression, and participating in bilateral, regional, and multilateral defense programs.Where are US troops based in the US?As of March 2025, the US had 2.6 million military personnel, including active-duty troops, reserve, and civilian workers stationed domestically. Of these, 1.1 million were active-duty troops across 50 US states, Washington, DC, and 5 US territories.Roughly 50% of these troops are in five states:California (157,477 )Virginia (119,878)Texas (112,915)North Carolina (94,805)Florida (67,115)
Jun 23, 2025
How many Americans voted in 2024?
According to the Census Bureau, 65.3% of US citizens voted in the 2024 election, the third-highest turnout in the past 34 years. Turnout increased by 13.1 percentage points since the most recent mid-term elections in 2022, but decreased by 1.5 percentage points since the 2020 presidential election.
Jun 18, 2025
Is Social Security running out?
The federal government spent $1.5 trillion on Social Security in fiscal year 2024. This accounted for 22.4% of the total federal budget. The Social Security Administration (SSA) provides financial support for people of retirement age, people with disabilities, and survivors of family losses including spouses and children. In 2024 Social Security spending included: $1.3 trillion (86%) went to retirement benefits $155 billion (11%) went to disability benefits $54 billion (4%) covered other benefits How many people receive Social Security benefits? The SSA projects that nearly 69 million people will receive benefits monthly in 2025. In December 2024, nearly 90% of people ages 65 and older were enrolled in the program. That amounted to 68.5 million people, including: 51.8 million retired workers and their 2.6 million spouses and dependents 7.2 million disabled workers and their 1.1 million spouses and dependents 5.8 million survivors
Jun 18, 2025
What does it cost the IRS to collect taxes?
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) spent $16.1 billion to collect $4.7 trillion in taxes in 2023. In other words, it cost the agency 34 cents to collect $100. Collecting trillions of dollars from a population of 336 million people and around 35 million businesses is no small project. The IRS’s staff of 82,990 people collects and evaluates returns, issues refunds, offers taxpayer assistance, oversees tax-exempt organizations, and enforces tax law.
Jun 13, 2025
How universities spend billions in government funds
Aside from student financial aid, the federal government funds universities with grants and contracts. One major way universities use this funding is for research and development (R&D). In FY 2023, federal dollars supported $59.6 billion of university R&D expenses. The fields that received the most funding in 2023 were life sciences and engineering. Life sciences programs, the study of the nature and function of living things, received $33.9 billion, or 56.9% of federal grant and contract funding. Enginering applies math and physics to solve practical problems by designing, building, and improving structures, systems, and processes. Engineering R&D received $10.9 billion, or 18.3% of federal funding.
May 6, 2025
Where do tornadoes do the most damage?
Texans have coped with the highest death and injury tolls from tornados in recent years, while Floridians have dealt with the most property damage. Which states have the most tornadoes? Between 2020 and 2024, every state except Hawaii recorded at least one tornado, according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data. Texas, the largest state in the continental US by land area, recorded 516, for an annual average of 103.2. The states with the next-highest totals were Illinois (491) and Iowa (462) while the largest state overall, Alaska, had one.
May 2, 2025
Data Skills for Congress returns to empower with the facts
The third year of Data Skills for Congress officially began this month, with nearly 30 congressional staffers participating in the program designed to strengthen data use on Capitol Hill.This unique course, a collaboration between USAFacts and the Goldman School of Public Policy at UC Berkeley, equips legislative staff with the tools and training needed to better access, analyze, and apply government data in their daily work — whether drafting legislation, conducting oversight, or serving constituents.Why data skills matter for congressional staffCongressional staff play a critical role in shaping and supporting legislation that affects Americans across the country. Yet many lack formal training in working with data, despite the crucial need for evidence-based policymaking.Data Skills for Congress launched in 2023 to fill this gap. It’s the first program of its kind approved by both the House and Senate ethics committees, enabling staff from both chambers to participate without cost.Over the 10-week hybrid program, participants explore federal data sources, learn how to communicate big ideas with data visualizations, are introduced to AI and cutting-edge data tools, and complete a capstone project that applies their new skills to a real-world policy issue.A growing data community on Capitol HillUSAFacts launched the program with the goal of making helping policymakers use government data in decision making, part of its broader mission to empower Americans with the facts.In its first two years, Data Skills for Congress enrolled nearly 90 congressional staff. And participants have overwhelmingly positive feedback: 84% of 2024’s alumni from the cohort said that the class helped them improve their data visualization and AI skills for congressional work.Participants strongly recommend the course to others on the Hill. Some described it as an “essential” skill set for the modern congressional office, with one student noting, “I never thought of myself as a ‘math person.’ This course taught me that I can work with data and made me feel more confident using it in my congressional work.” “We created this program because we believe that government works better when everyone — including policymakers — can easily access and understand the numbers behind it,” said Poppy MacDonald, president of USAFacts. “We’re thrilled to see it continue to grow in its third year.”What’s nextThe spring 2025 cohort began on April 18th and will run through mid-June. A condensed version of the class will run during the August recess, allowing more congressional staff to take advantage. With participants representing a range of committees and offices, the program continues to reflect bipartisan interest in data-driven policymaking.To learn more about the program — or to apply for a future cohort — visit the Data Skills for Congress page.
Apr 22, 2025
Which states contribute the most and least to federal revenue?
In 2023, the federal government collected around $4.67 trillion from states and their residents through taxes on individuals and businesses and redistributed about $4.56 trillion back to states and residents through programs like Social Security, Medicaid, Medicare, food stamps, and education grants.The balance varies by state: New Yorkers paid about $89 billion more to the federal government than they received, while Virginians received about $79 billion more than they paid.
Apr 22, 2025
How do marijuana laws differ between states?
While marijuana remains illegal at the federal level per the 1970 Controlled Substances Act (CSA), the US has become a patchwork of state-determined laws pertaining to the drug. Some states have legalized recreational marijuana, others allow medicinal use and/or CBD oil. A few states have decriminalized the plant, and a handful follow the federal guidelines. What does marijuana legalization mean?In the United States, marijuana legalization refers to the process of making marijuana use, possession, and sales legal under certain conditions. Adults in states that legalize the drug can use it for both medical and recreational purposes, following state laws. Legalization allows for regulated sales of products that contain cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Medical cannabis laws also fall under this category, permitting patients with conditions such as chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, insomnia, and depression to use the substances for treatment. Since marijuana remains federally classified as an illegal drug, state legalization has many implications on federal income taxes filed by dispensaries, as well as the cross-border sale and transportation of cannabis products.
Apr 18, 2025
Is there a shortage of air traffic controllers?
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) controls 290 air control facilities. And as of September 2023, nearly half of them were understaffed. In 2023, the FAA established a 85.0% staffing goal for terminal air control facilities. One-hundred and twenty eight of them fell short of that target. Meanwhile, 162 facilities met or exceeded the staffing goal. Fifty-two had staffing levels of more than 100%; this was partially due to intentional overstaffing of new hires to account for expected attrition over the next two or three years. How understaffed were the facilities that fell short of the goal? Eighty-four had staffing ranges between 75.0% and 84.9%. The remaining 44 were staffed to 74.9% capacity or less.In 2024, the FAA employed more than 14,000 air traffic controllers.
Mar 31, 2025
How much money has the US given Ukraine since Russia’s invasion?
From Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 through December 2024, the United States allocated $182.8 billion in emergency funding for the region. But “allocated” means the money is available, not that it’s been spent: So far, the United States has actually disbursed $83.4 billion in funding and equipment, some of which Ukraine will have to repay with added interest. Aid for Ukraine goes through a cross-agency operation called Operation Atlantic Resolve (OAR), which began after Russia invaded Crimea in 2014 to deter Russian aggression against NATO. When Russia invaded Ukraine, the operation shifted focus to address the needs of Ukraine and other partners.
Mar 14, 2025
USAFacts and bias: Why we care about nonpartisanship
USAFacts is here for a clear reason — to make information about the US government accessible to the public, so that people can make informed decisions on how the government is representing their interests.That Americans deserve access government data without political or corporate influence is baked into our mission. As a non-government, nonprofit organization, we are in a unique position to deliver information without the same motivations as a private corporation or a partisan advocacy organization.Ad Fontes Media, which rates media on reliability and partisanship, publishes a periodic report scoring media companies and organizations by their trustworthiness and political leaning.In the most recent version of their Media Bias Chart, released in March 2025, USAFacts earned the highest reliability rating and the lowest bias score on the entire chart. We’re proud that Ad Fontes’s methodology sees our work at USAFacts as reliable and nonpartisan.
Mar 13, 2025
What is IES and what does it do?
The Institute of Education Sciences (IES) is the nonpartisan research, evaluation, and statistics office of the Department of Education. Its main functions are funding research to test new approaches to education, evaluating federal programs for educational effectiveness, and reporting data on how well the nation is educating its students. IES is the smallest component of the Education Department. The department requested $283.8 billion of its fiscal year 2025 budget; the institute accounted for 0.29% of that. In 2024, the Department of Education was the sixth highest-funded federal agency.
Feb 20, 2025
This chart tells you everything you want to know about government spending
Each year, the federal government takes in trillions of dollars in revenue and spends those trillions (and often more) to address its domestic and global objectives. Dividing this budget by revenue sources and spending programs across the branches of government provides a wealth of insight into how the federal government works, where its spending priorities lie, and how it funds programs. Government spending data is a part of USAFacts’ backbone, and we believe that American taxpayers — the shareholders responsible for providing most government resources — are entitled to information on how the federal government operates. That starts with the budget. In this data visualization — called a Sankey chart — USAFacts breaks down the most recent federal budget data:
Feb 6, 2025
How many people work for the federal government?
As of November 2024, the federal government employed just over 3 million people. The number of federal employees has topped 3 million since September 2024. The last time the government could claim that many employees was in September 1994. Federal employment numbers peaked at 3.4 million in 1990 and the most recent low was in 2014, with 2.7 million. Federal government employees work at departments or agencies housed under one of the three branches of government — executive, legislative, or judicial, though most federal agencies are under the federal executive branch. Across all US industries, it’s the 15th-largest workforce overall. How has the federal workforce changed over time? Between 1929 and 1945, the United States was grappling with the Great Depression and World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced the New Deal in 1933, and over the next five years established numerous new federal agencies – agencies requiring people to staff them. Some agencies created during this period are still around, like the Social Security Administration and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Dec 19, 2024
Which government programs does the Government Accountability Office consider inefficient?
Thirty-seven government spending priorities are considered highly vulnerable to fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement, according to the latest list from the independent and nonpartisan Government Accountability Office (GAO).The GAO provides unbiased, fact-based information to save taxpayers money and encourage government efficiency. Since 1990, it has produced a list of federal programs at high risk for financial issues and in need of reform.Which government programs are vulnerable to waste, fraud, abuse, or mismanagement? Of the 37 programs included on the list, 26 have been designated as high-risk for at least 10 years. Five programs have been on the list since its first iteration in 1990.The 2023 list included three new areas of spending:the federal prison systemthe Department of Health and Human Services’ management of public health emergenciesthe unemployment insurance system
Dec 5, 2024
USAFacts’ top 10 articles of 2024
In 2024, Americans came to USAFacts seeking information about safety and homelessness across the US, how many people are immigrating here, the 2024 election, and government spending related to foreign aid and foreign debt.Here are the 10 most-read articles of the year.10. How many voters have a party affiliation?With the presidential election on the horizon, Americans wanted to understand how many voters have a political affiliation. But such a thing isn’t on record nationwide: 32 states and Washington, DC, require party affiliation as part of voter registration.As of late September, Wyoming had the highest percentage of registered Republican voters (81%), and Washington, DC, had the highest percentage of registered Democrats (76%). Maryland had the highest percentage of registered Democrats of all states (52%).
Dec 3, 2024
How many people receive government assistance?
Nearly 100 million Americans received some form of government assistance in 2019, according to a 2023 estimate from the Department of Health and Human Services.The federal government has assistance programs in place to support Americans who can’t afford food, housing, healthcare, and other needs. This is sometimes referred to as a social safety net, a system of programs designed to support people struggling economically. In 2022, around one in three Americans was enrolled in at least one of those programs, including nearly half of all American kids.
Sep 24, 2024
State of the Facts 2024: Americans’ views on data, election information, and AI
Impartial, trustworthy data is a crucial component of our mission at USAFacts, and we are committed to making government data accessible to the public. But how do Americans feel about data and facts?AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research conducts the State of the Facts poll in conjunction with USAFacts to better understand how Americans feel about facts and where data is sourced. This year’s findings show that adults find it hard to tell if information is true or not. They also rely on data and transparency to verify it.Do Americans trust information they get about the government?Although social media is among respondents’ most-used sources for getting information from the government (40% report using social media to get government data), Americans also cite low levels of trust in information on social platforms.They’re also less likely to trust businesses, and artificial intelligence (AI) for accurate data. They’re most likely to trust public TV or radio, national TV news networks, and local TV news.
Sep 10, 2024
How much does the VA spend?
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is the fifth-largest spender among federal agencies, accounting for 3.5% of federal spending in fiscal year (FY) 2023. Adjusting for inflation, VA expenditures increased nearly 70% over the last decade, from $180 billion in FY 2013 to $301 billion in FY 2023.
Aug 22, 2024
How much money does the federal government spend to support disabled veterans?
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) disability compensation provides monthly benefits to veterans with service-related disabilities. Disability compensation accounted for an estimated 43% of the VA budget in 2023. The share of veterans receiving disability compensation rose to 25% in 2020 from 9% in 2000.Disability program costs have grown to $149.4 billion in 2023.Two factors are driving this spending growth — the overall number of veterans receiving disability compensation and the number of veterans classified with the most severe service-connected disabilities, who receive more benefits.How is veteran disability determined?A veteran's disability compensation is based on a combined disability rating that measures the degree of disability from 0% to 100%. The rating, which takes multiple disabilities into account to create a single score, represents the extent to which a veteran’s disabilities decrease their overall health and ability to function.While the number of veterans with a rating between 0% to 20% has remained roughly constant in the last 20 years, the number of veterans with a rating between 70% and 100% is almost seven times higher. As the number of more severely disabled veterans has increased, so has disability compensation program spending — from $10,013 per enrolled veteran in 2000 to $16,100 in 2022.
Aug 20, 2024
What is the US national debt and how has it grown over time?
The national debt is the total amount of outstanding borrowed money the federal government has accumulated over time.Every year the US spends more money than it earns results in an annual budget deficit.These deficits add up over time, creating a shortfall that the US covers, in part, by borrowing money from investors; otherwise, the government would need to cut services, increase revenues, or some combination. These loans — plus the interest owed — are the national debt.The national debt grows every year there’s a deficit, as the country borrows an increasing amount of money. The US has run a budget deficit every year for the last 20 years, during which time national debt has grown fivefold.
Aug 1, 2024
How much do states spend on prisoners?
States incarcerated more than 1 million people at the end of 2021, according to Bureau of Justice Statistics data. To house them, state governments spent a combined $64.0 billion (inflation-adjusted). Spending per prisoner varies more than tenfold across states, from just under $23,000 per person in Arkansas to $307,468 in Massachusetts. Spending in Massachusetts was more than double any other state; the median state spent $64,865 per prisoner for the year.
Apr 17, 2024
USAFacts discusses facts on Capitol Hill
On Tuesday July 16th, 2019, USAFacts went to Washington DC to discuss facts on Capitol Hill.Our Founder, Steve Ballmer, held five meetings throughout the day with around 200 members of Congress, including Democrats and Republicans from both the House and Senate.These bipartisan and bicameral meetings focused on the numbers behind taxes, government spending, outcomes in areas including health, education, security, sustainability, demographic shifts, and what life looks like for taxpayers across different income groups and family types.The deep, data-driven conversations resulted in discussions among lawmakers about trends, potential improvements to government data, and insightful questions that USAFacts is working to answer.Along with copies of the 2019 Annual Report, Steve delivered the below presentation:
Dec 5, 2019
What do the CARES Act and the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) mean for small businesses?
Of the $2 trillion distributed in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES Act), $350 billion is dedicated to providing relief to small businesses, defined as having under 500 employees.The $350 billion will be deployed through the Paycheck Protection Program, which allows small businesses to borrow up to 250% of their average monthly payroll expenses, up to a maximum loan amount of $10 million. The loans are intended to cover eight weeks of payroll expenses and additional payments toward debt, and will only cover employee compensation up to $100,000 per employee. Money from that loan paid toward payroll and existing interest payments on mortgages, rent payments, leases, and utility service agreements will be forgiven—i.e., will not need to be paid back (more information on the Paycheck Protection Program here). Small businesses can apply through most banks to receive a loan. The Senate is currently debating an additional $250 billion in support for the Paycheck Protection Program.
Sep 23, 2020
'Sin taxes' by state: Where do people pay the most and least in alcohol and tobacco taxes?
Drinking and smoking are two more ways that Americans pay taxes.Every state and Washington, DC, has selective sales taxes on alcohol and tobacco. And like sales tax, alcohol and tobacco taxes are paid by people who buy those items.USAFacts looked at data from the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Analysis to determine where people pay the most in tobacco and alcohol taxes, as a percentage of their per capita personal income in that state. (You can read our full report on Americans’ tax burdens here.)It's important to note that the numbers below are based not just on the excise or sales tax rates in that state, but also on the population size and how much is purchased per person. So, for example, tobacco excise taxes range from 17 cents per pack in Missouri, to $4.35 per pack in Connecticut and New York, according to 2022 CDC data. And alcohol taxes can be either excise taxes (based on volume of alcohol sold at the wholesale level) or sales taxes (on the retail price of alcohol).Where do people pay the most and least in alcohol tax?
May 10, 2023
What is the Supreme Court shadow docket?
For a case to appear before the Supreme Court, it must land on one of two lists, or dockets: the merits docket or the emergency docket, also known as the “shadow docket.” Each docket contains a set of cases for which the justices can issue rulings. Each docket has its own process for reaching those decisions.The shadow docket process is a faster route to a decision. Part of its purpose is enabling the high court to quickly resolve administrative-type requests from lower courts, such as extensions of time to file petitions for writs of certiorari (Parties unsatisfied with how a lower court has ruled on their case might ask the Supreme Court to grant a writ of certiorari, which is a request that the Supreme Court officially hear their case).But it is also less transparent, and recent shadow docket cases reflect a notable shift in the nature of topics appearing on that docket since 2017. They have involved border wall disputes, COVID-19 restrictions, abortion laws, and federal executions.This shift has also caused confusion for lower courts, which follow the precedent set by the Supreme Court, because unlike the merits docket, the shadow docket process does not require written or dissenting opinions.The merits docket vs. shadow docketThe Supreme Court is asked to review more than 7,000 cases each year and accepts 100 to 150 of them. Cases on the Supreme Court’s merits docket entail a scheduled and public hearing, a review of legal briefs, and oral arguments. After what is often a months-long process, the court provides its opinion and dissenting arguments in writing. This merits docket route is how the Supreme Court processes and delivers big decisions like Brown v. Board of Education or the recent Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College.Alternatively, the shadow docket functions as an accelerated route for the Supreme Court to reach decisions and has been used mostly for administrative decisions.“These cases are brought to the court by a state, or a company, or a person who has lost in the lower courts, often at an early stage, and that loser is now asking the Supreme Court to block the lower court order while the case proceeds through the lower court appeals process, which typically takes many months,” said legal scholar Stephen Vladeck in a testimony at a 2021 hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary.The shadow docket also allows the court to issue opinions without the level of transparency demanded by the merits docket process. Shadow docket case opinions, court orders, and changes in stays and injunctions have been issued in the middle of the night; they’ve been issued without disclosing which justices weighed in; and they’ve been issued without a written reasoning of the ruling. Each of these elements are departures from the Supreme Court’s merits docket proceedings.How does the shadow docket impact lower courts?The extended, transparent, and more rigorous process required of cases on the merits docket serves in part to let the public in on the reasoning behind a ruling and to strengthen public trust in the judicial system.Further, it sets a precedent for lower courts to follow in their proceedings. When shadow docket rulings are issued without explanation, lower courts have less clarity on how they should proceed in similar cases.Learn more about the Supreme Court and the nation's judicial system and get explainers like this in your inbox by subscribing to our weekly newsletter.
Jul 20, 2023
What does the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission do?
The Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) is an independent federal agency responsible for resolving disputes between the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (a sub-agency of the Department of Labor) and employers over workplace safety and health citations. It serves as a neutral arbiter, providing administrative trials and appellate reviews to ensure fair outcomes under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. It was established in 1970.
Updates annually
How much does the average American family pay in taxes?
One of the simplest ways to think about the US standard of living is to consider how much people earn in income, pay in taxes, and receive in government transfers. A government transfer can be cash, or non-cash in the form of services like Medicaid and Medicare.In 2021, the average American family in the middle 20% of income earners paid $17,902 in taxes to federal, state, and local governments. This includes direct taxes, such as income taxes, as well as indirect taxes, like payroll taxes. Of all the taxes the middle 20% paid in 2021, $10,391 went to federal income tax.
Mar 7, 2024
USAFacts backs House's evidence-based policy commission
A bipartisan group of House members, led by Representative Derek Kilmer, recently introduced a resolution to establish a Commission on Evidence-based Policymaking. USAFacts supports this resolution and hopes it will provide the scaffolding necessary to enable Congress to integrate data more deeply and efficiently into the policy-making process.The new commission would explore ways to create a more rigorous, evidence-driven policy-making process. Recommendations the commission would consider include changes USAFacts has supported in the past, including systems to quantitatively assess outcomes of legislation, incorporation of government data into the legislative process, and increasing the data literacy of congressional staff.Rep. Kilmer previously chaired the House Select Committee on Modernization, known as the “Fix Congress” committee, created in 2019 to improve the workings of the House of Representatives. The committee was quite successful during its tenure, making roughly 200 recommendations, many of which have been adopted or are moving in that direction.The Select Committee disbanded in early 2023 but was recreated as the Subcommittee on Modernization of the Committee on House Administration. The Subcommittee recently turned its attention to modernizing the Congressional Research Service and USAFacts gave testimony at a hearing in April 2023.What would it take to modernize Congress for data-based policy?Modernizing a 234-year-old legislative body is not easy. From upgrading databases and building APIs (or “application programming interfaces”) to support data sharing on websites or apps, to providing data alongside bill text and other process changes, to teaching staff new skills, a great deal of work goes into modernization efforts. USAFacts hopes this current resolution will establish the Commission on Evidence-based Policymaking and looks forward to supporting further modernization efforts.Poppy MacDonald, president of USAFacts, said of the proposed resolution, “USAFacts applauds any efforts to bring data-driven decision-making to the forefront, particularly one led by Congress. We’re encouraged by The Congressional Evidence-Based Policymaking Resolution and look forward to seeing legislators use government data when developing policy that impacts people’s lives.”Read about USAFacts' work with the UC Berkeley Goldman School of Public Policy to create the Data Skills for Congress program. Get updates on our efforts to improve government data by subscribing to our weekly newsletter.
Jul 5, 2023
How does the US Postal Service serve rural Americans?
“Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night” — while the United States Postal Service (USPS) has no official motto, this well-known refrain reflects a key aspect of the organization’s operations: the universal service obligation (USO).The USO is not contained in any one document, but has been defined through multiple statutes over the course of the past century. It outlines that the USPS is obligated to provide the American public with trusted, affordable, and universal service across multiple dimensions — including geography. Rural free delivery of mail by the USPS became a permanent service in July 1902. Today, despite being home to 16% of the US population, rural areas comprise 88% of the area served by the Postal Service, and 57% of post offices are in rural areas.A majority of rural Americans appreciate these efforts: According to the United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General (USPS OIG), which tracks nationwide postal performance, 81% of rural postal customers view the Postal Service as valuable. However, the USPS faces multiple financial challenges, leading to initiatives like reduced work hours for rural mail carriers and route optimization. Although these changes are meant to cut costs, they also impact the USO — which USPS OIG has called to reevaluate.How has the USPS performed in recent years?On-time performance has improved in the past several years, recovering from lows recorded both before and during the pandemic. Three-to-five day delivery of first-class single piece mail — including letters, postcards, flat envelopes, and small packages — has improved from 54.6% on-time delivery during Q1 2021 to 86.2% in Q3 2023. Marketing mail — one of the Postal Service’s most-used service types by volume — has also improved its end-to-end performance from 59.8% on-time delivery in Q2 2018 to 95.9% in Q3 2023.
Sep 15, 2023

Government spending articles

How much federal money goes toward all state and local governments?

How many civilian jobs are in the US federal government?

How much money does the US federal government collect?

How much does the US spend on defense?

What is the federal government’s budget deficit?

What percentage of public school funding in the US comes from the federal government?

How are public schools in the US funded?

How much debt does the US have?

What does the Veterans Health Administration do?

What does USAID do?

What does the US Agency for Global Media do?

What does the United States Mint do?

What does the Transportation Security Administration do?

What does the Substance Abuse And Mental Health Services Administration do?

What does the State Department do?

What does the Social Security Administration do?

What does the Small Business Administration do?

What does the Selective Service System do?

What does the Secret Service do?

What does the Peace Corps do?

What does the Office of the US Trade Representative do?

What does the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services do?

What does the Office of Postsecondary Education do?

What does the Office of Personnel Management do?

What does the Office of Management and Budget do?

What does the Office of Federal Student Aid do?

What does the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity do?

What does the Office of English Language Acquisition do?

What does the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education do?

What does the Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education do?

What does the Occupational Safety and Health Administration do?

What does the Nuclear Regulatory Commission do?

What does the National Transportation Safety Board do?

What does the National Security Council do?

What does the National Science Foundation do?

What does the National Park Service do?

What does the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration do?

What does the National Mediation Board do?

What does the National Labor Relations Board do?

What does the National Institutes of Health do?

What does the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration do?

What does NASA do?

What does the Merit Systems Protection Board do?

What does the International Trade Administration do?

What does the Internal Revenue Service do?

What does the Inter-American Foundation do?

What does the Institute of Education Sciences do?

What does the Immigration and Customs Enforcement do?

What does the Forest Service do?

What does the Food Safety and Inspection Service do?

What does the Food and Nutrition Service do?

What does the Food and Drug Administration do?

What does the Federal Transit Administration do?

What does the Federal Trade Commission do?

What does the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service do?

What does the Federal Maritime Commission do?

What does the Federal Labor Relations Authority do?

What does the Federal Highway Administration do?

What does the Federal Emergency Management Agency do?

What does the Federal Communications Commission do?

What does the Federal Bureau of Investigation do?

What does the Federal Aviation Administration do?

What does the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission do?

What does the Environmental Protection Agency do?

What does the Drug Enforcement Administration do?

What does the Department of Veterans Affairs do?

What does the Department of Transportation do?

What does the Department of the Treasury do?

What does the Department of the Interior do?

What does the Department of Labor do?

What does the Department of Housing and Urban Development do?

What does the Department of Homeland Security do?

What does the Department of Health and Human Services do?

What does the Department of Energy do?

What does the Department of Education do?

What does the Department of Defense do?

What does the Department of Commerce do?

What does the Department of Agriculture do?

What does the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency do?