Economy articles
These reports cover the financial forces that affect daily American life. Discover how exports and imports impact US taxes, debt, and more.
US Federal Taxes: How the US Federal Government is Funded
The federal government collected $4.9 trillion in revenue in 2024, 99% of which came from taxes. How much does the average American pay? And who pays the most?
US trading partners, imports and exports, and how tariffs factor in
In 2024, the US imported $4.1 trillion and exported $3.2 trillion in goods and services. Higher tariffs can raise prices and the impact on US jobs is a complex issue. Join Steve as he talks through US trade, tariffs and their impact, US trade partners, trade agreements, and more.
How much debt does the average person in the US have?
Around $62,500 as of the first quarter of 2025. Compared to the previous quarter (October through December 2024), the average adult owed $1,200 more after adjusting for inflation, reflecting slight shifts in household borrowing patterns. This debt, often referred to as “household debt,” represents the total amount owed by individuals for obligations such as mortgages, student loans, credit cards, and auto loans.
Updates quarterlyHow has TCJA impacted individual income taxes?
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), which took effect in 2018, changed individual income taxes: lowering tax rates, adjusting tax brackets, nearly doubling the standard deduction, and capping the state and local tax (SALT) deduction. It also made changes to federal corporate taxes. It was one of the biggest tax reform laws in recent years. But the individual tax changes were provisional, and most expire at the end of 2025 unless Congress extends them.TCJA lowered effective tax rates across income groups When TCJA was passed in 2017, the average effective federal individual income tax rate — the percentage of their income most taxpayers pay in taxes — was 14.4%. In 2018, it dropped to 13.0%. By 2022, the average effective federal income tax rate had risen to 14.1%: a 1.1 percentage point increase from 2018, but still below the pre-TCJA rate of 14.4%. This uptick was probably a result of broad economic factors like income growth, employment shifts, and taxpayers moving into higher income brackets, rather than a result of TCJA.
Jul 1, 2025What is the poverty rate in the US?
About 11.1% of the population as of 2023. The poverty rate is the percentage of people whose household income falls below the poverty threshold set by the government. It measures the percentage of people in households that don’t earn enough to pay for basic needs like food, housing, and healthcare. In 2023, 36.8 million people lived in poverty.
Updates annuallyHow many people live in subsidized housing in the United States?
About 9.05 million people in 2023, or about 2.0 people per unit. Subsidized housing options vary by location, ranging from high-rise or garden-style apartments to single-family dwellings, duplexes, and more. On average, residents in 2023 had lived in their units for ten years and two months.
Who pays the most income tax?
The federal government generated $4.9 trillion in revenue in fiscal year 2024, nearly half of which came from taxing people on their incomes. Individual income taxes in FY 2024 totaled $2.4 trillion, or $7,166 per person.
Jun 25, 2025Federal farm subsidies: What the data says
In 2024, the government provided $9.3 billion in subsidy payments to farmers for commodity crops. Subsidies made up 5.9% of total farm earnings that year, with the most funding going to corn, soybeans, and cotton. What are farm subsidies?Farm subsidies, also known as agricultural subsidies, are financial support from the federal government to farmers and agricultural businesses. Subsidies help farms deal with disaster relief, risk management, the development of specific farming practices, conservation efforts, and more. The federal government has been providing farm subsidies since 1933, when the first Farm Bill was passed as part of the New Deal to support struggling farms during the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl, and falling crop prices after World War I. This bill created a system that issued payments to farmers in exchange for producing certain commodity crops; at the time, these included wheat, cotton, field corn, swine, rice, tobacco, and milk. The Farm Bill is standing legislation that Congress re-visits approximately every five years as farming, farming needs, and what’s considered a commodity, shift. The most recent Farm Bill was passed in 2018. Today’s commodity crops include corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, sorghum (a type of grain), rice, peanuts, oats, barley, milk, swine, and calves (specifically, cows).How much farm income comes from subsidies? Farm subsidies have added an average of $17.6 billion to farm income each year from 1933 to 2024, adjusted for inflation. The lowest total was in 1949, at $2.4 billion: subsidies dropped post-World War II in part because agriculture shifted from shortage to surplus, reducing the need for government aid. The highest was in 2020, at $55.3 billion, primarily due to pandemic-related aid.
Jun 23, 2025What does it cost the IRS to collect taxes?
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) spent $16.1 billion to collect $4.7 trillion in taxes in 2023. In other words, it cost the agency 34 cents to collect $100. Collecting trillions of dollars from a population of 336 million people and around 35 million businesses is no small project. The IRS’s staff of 82,990 people collects and evaluates returns, issues refunds, offers taxpayer assistance, oversees tax-exempt organizations, and enforces tax law.
Jun 13, 2025What does the US produce?
In 2024, the US produced $29.2 trillion in goods and services. This is the total of what each industry and government sector contribute to the economy, and it’s called value added. Value added is calculated by subtracting production costs (materials, services, work pay, taxes) from the value of the goods and services created. It makes up the gross domestic product (GDP), the standard measure of a country’s economy. What goods and services does the US produce?Over four-fifths (83.3%) of value added to the US economy in 2024 was via services, for a total of $24.3 trillion. Services include housing and utilities, transportation, financial services and insurance, healthcare, recreation, food services and accommodations, and others.
Jun 11, 2025Minimum wage in America: How many people are earning $7.25 an hour?
Although the federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour, the minimum an employer must pay depends on the state in which the employee resides. Many states have mandated minimum wages that are different from the federal minimum
Jun 3, 2025Americans aren't saving as much as they used to
Americans saved an average of 4.6% of their disposable income in 2024. So far in 2025, that average is lower: 4.4%.In fact, the average personal saving rate today is lower than it was in the 2010s — and even the 1960s.What is the personal saving rate?The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) defines the personal saving rate as how much money American households put away — in a checking or savings account, an individual retirement account, or an employer-sponsored 401(k), to name a few — after paying expenses and taxes. The personal savings rate only measures cash saved and doesn’t include capital gains like an increase in value of a house. The BEA, a division of the Department of Commerce, measures and tracks this rate monthly. How has the personal saving rate changed over time?The personal saving rate in the 1960s and 1970s averaged 11.7%, peaking at 17.3% in May 1975. It’s gradually declined since then, reaching an all-time low of 1.4% in July 2005.
May 30, 2025What are free trade agreements and how do they affect trade?
Free trade agreements are strategic partnerships between countries that trade with each other by reducing barriers to entry to the international market for producers, standardizing labor practices, and ensuring affordability and safety for consumers, and more.Compared to a trade war, free trade agreements are like peace treaties — they’re meant to bring countries into alignment and promote a fair and harmonious relationship that promotes trade and is mutually beneficial for all countries involved.What do free trade agreements do?Free trade agreements aim to keep international markets open and flexible for consumers and domestic industries by:Reducing trade barriers like tariffs. This lowers the cost of imports, keeping prices lower and giving consumers more purchase optionsProtecting intellectual property rights of domestic producers. Limiting competitive opportunities on proprietary products preserves access to international markets for domestic industries.Developing product and labor practice standards across markets. This protects consumers by ensuring that imported products are safe and meet the same kinds of standards as their domestic alternativesProtecting against exclusionary rules around investing or participating in financial markets
May 30, 2025How much do teachers get paid in the US?
About $63,000 per year in 2024. That’s the median annual wage for pre-K-12 teachers across the United States, based on estimates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The median marks the middle point—half of teachers earn more and half earn less. The lowest-paid 10% earned $46,800 or less, while the highest-paid 10% earned $102,000 or more.
What are the biggest drivers of inflation in the past year?
From May 2024 to May 2025, mostly housing. During that time frame, housing price increases accounted for three-fourths of the overall inflation rate. The inflation rate is calculated using the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which tracks the price changes of a consistent basket of goods and services over time. As of May 2025, overall prices increased 2.4% over the previous year. Each item in this basket is given a weight that reflects how much the average urban household spends on it. Items with higher weights, like shelter, tend to have a larger impact on the overall inflation rate than other categories. By examining the price changes across different categories, we can better understand the factors contributing to the current inflation rate.
Updates monthlyHow many US businesses are owned by immigrants?
The Census Bureau categorizes businesses as either nonemployer (where the owner is the only employee) or employer (which have one or more employees beside the owner). Immigrants own nearly a fifth of all employer companies and almost a quarter of nonemployer businesses — higher than their percentages of the US population or the workforce generally.
May 9, 2025What is the gross domestic product (GDP) in the US?
About $23.5 trillion in Q1 2025. Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services a country or state produces — it’s the sum of consumer spending, business investment, government spending, and net exports. It is often used to quantify the size of its economy. The $23.5 trillion is the “real GDP,” which is adjusted to account for inflation to make it easier to compare the size of an economy over time.
Updates quarterlyWhat is the unemployment rate in the US right now?
About 4.1% in June 2025. That's a 0.0 percentage point increase from a year before. The unemployment rate is the percentage of people in the labor force who are actively looking for work but not currently employed. It's a common way to measure the health of the job market and economy.
Updates monthlyHow many cars are built in the US?
Automakers produced 12.86 million vehicles in the US in 2022, according to the Department of Energy, which tracks car manufacturing numbers by year and type of car. That number reflects a pandemic-related dip in production trends. From 2015 - 2019, car manufacturers produced 16–17 million vehicles per year.What types of vehicles are built in the US?Of the vehicles produced in 2022, SUVs made up the biggest portion at 6.97 million (54% of the total for that year). Cars accounted for 3.41 million (27%). Pickup trucks were at 2.11 million (16%), followed by vans at around 374,000 (3%).
May 2, 2025Who is the American farmer?
According to the Department of Agriculture (USDA), there are 3.4 million agricultural “producers,” or the farmers and workers involved in making decisions from planting to harvesting to marketing on these farms. Among them, 63.7% of are male, 63.2% are ages 55 or older, 95.4% are white and 84.7% work on family-held farms. More than 1.9 million farms dot the nation, covering 880.1 million acres. That's more than twice the size of Alaska.What is the difference between a farmer and a farmworker?The latest USDA agricultural census defines the 3.4 million “producers” as the farmers and workers involved in making decisions from planting to harvesting to marketing on these farms. This category could refer to the farm’s owner, a member of the owner’s family, a manager, a tenant, a renter, or a sharecropper. The USDA also makes a distinction between producers and employees known as farmworkers. Farmworkers are hired labor and have a variety of occupations ranging from field crop workers to sales agents and truck drivers. Data in this article focuses on producers.
May 1, 2025