Education
The Department of Education (DOE) is a relatively new federal agency – it was founded on May 4, 1980 when legislation split the old Department of Health, Education, and Welfare into two new departments: Education, and Health and Human Services.
The DOE is has received 4.0% of all federal funding in 2024, totaling $268.35 billion. That makes it the sixth highest-funded federal agency.
It’s also the smallest of any cabinet-level department, employing about 4,100 full-time employees in 2023. The next closest was Housing and Urban Development with around 8,100 full-time employees in 2023.
According to the Department of Education, education is primarily a local and state responsibility rather than a federal one. Elementary and secondary education are mostly funded by local governments, while state governments support higher education, per the Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances. The Department of Education's budget makes up 21% of total education spending in the country.
DOE funding for grades K-12 is primarily through programs supporting economically disadvantaged school systems:
In addition to funding, the National Center for Education Statistics, a department within the DOE, gathers and reports data on K-12 educational institutions so schools and researchers can better analyze enrollment, finances, and performance metrics between schools and districts.
The DOE administers two programs to support college students: Pell Grants and the federal student loan program.
Pell Grants provide assistance to college students based on their family’s ability to pay. The maximum amount for a student in the 2024-25 school year is $7,395. In a typical year, Pell Grant funding totals around $30 billion.
The federal student loan program subsidizes students by offering more generous loan terms than they would receive in the private loan market, including income-driven repayment plans, scheduled debt forgiveness, lower interest rates, and deferred payments.
Federal higher education spending increased in FY 2022 due to debt forgiveness efforts but fell after the Supreme Court overturned the Biden administration’s loan forgiveness plan.
The DOE’s Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services provides support for disabled adults via vocational rehabilitation grants to states. These grants match the funds of state vocational rehabilitation agencies that help people with disabilities find jobs. Typically, these grants total around $4 billion a year.
The Department of Education’s Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education (CTAE) also spends around $2 billion per year on career and technical education offered in high schools, community and technical colleges, and on adult education programs like GED and adult literacy programs.
These funds are distributed through grants to state and local governments.
Several federal education programs are operated by agencies other than the Department of Education:
Public colleges and universities receive additional federal funding for various purposes. For example, the National Science Foundation is a large provider of grant funding to higher education institutions.
Also, because many state universities run hospital systems, these institutions receive large payments from federal healthcare programs.
The Library of Congress, funded by Legislative Branch Appropriations, is part of the nation’s library system, providing resources and information for researchers and the general public on a wide range of topics.
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